• ABBREVIATION
• SYNONYMS
• NRCS PLANT CODE
• COMMON NAMES
• TAXONOMY
• LIFE FORM
• FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS
• OTHER STATUS
• AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION

ABBREVIATION:

SYNONYMS:

NRCS PLANT CODE [183,184]:

COMMON NAMES:

TAXONOMY:

LIFE FORM:

FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS:

OTHER STATUS:

AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION:

• GENERAL DISTRIBUTION
• ECOSYSTEMS
• STATES
• BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS
• KUCHLER PLANT ASSOCIATIONS
• SAF COVER TYPES
• SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES
• HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION:

ECOSYSTEMS [57]:

STATES:

BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS [10]:

KUCHLER [100] PLANT ASSOCIATIONS:

SAF COVER TYPES [48]:

SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES [167]:

HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES:

Shrubby cinquefoil is common in prairie dropseed (Sporobolus heterolepis)-little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium) grasslands [173] and is a common understory species of black oak (Quercus velutina) communities on sand dunes [130] in Michigan.

Western North America:
Shrubby cinquefoil is associated with willows (Salix spp.), alders (Alnus spp.), birch (Betula spp.), sedges, rushes (Juncus spp.), and tufted hairgrass (Deschampsia cespitosa) [189], and is a common shrub associate of blue spruce (Picea pungens) [50] in western North America. It is common in open taiga spruce (Picea spp.) forests [1,94,131]. In northern Rockies peatlands, shrubby cinquefoil occurs in the water sedge (Carex aquatilis) community type [22]. In the northern Rockies and the Intermountain West, shrubby cinquefoil is common in mountain brush and quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides) communities [127,141,193]. It occurs in the central Rockies in ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) forests with Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), limber pine (Pinus flexilis), blue spruce, quaking aspen, cliffbush (Jamesia americana), common juniper (Juniperus communis), bearberry (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi), wax currant (Ribes cereum), and Wood's rose (Rosa woodsii) [152].

Western Canada and Alaska:
In northwestern Canada, shrubby cinquefoil is common in the medium shrub/entire leaf mountainavens (Dryas integrifolia) plant association and prominent in the white spruce (Picea glauca)/shrub/mountainavens plant association [179]. In the Yukon Territory, it occurs with American green alder (Alnus viridis ssp. crispa) and prickly rose (Rosa acicularis) [12]. In western Canada, shrubby cinquefoil commonly occurs in jack pine (Pinus banksiana) forests [23,41]; in the black spruce (Picea mariana) forests with bog Labrador tea (Ledum groenlandicum), blueberry willow (Salix myrtillifolia), and prickly rose [23,41,117]; and in the white spruce-willow-birch plant association, with grayleaf willow (Salix glauca), planeleaf willow (S. planifolia ssp. planifolia), Scouler willow (S. scouleriana), Bebb willow (S. bebbiana), bog birch, and russet buffaloberry (Shepherdia canadensis) [116,117,142].  It may occur as a shrub dominant in some black spruce and white spruce communities in British Columbia [138]. It is common in the whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis)/common juniper plant association in British Columbia and Alberta, occurring with russet buffaloberry and bearberry [129]; and in the limber pine forests with common juniper, Rocky Mountain juniper (Juniperus scopulorum), creeping juniper (J. horizontalis), bearberry, prickly rose, common snowberry (Symphoricarpos albus), and Saskatoon serviceberry (Amelanchier alnifolia) [1]. Shrubby cinquefoil is common in lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) stands [102] and in the prairie Junegrass (Koeleria macrantha)-creeping juniper shrub savannah plant association [172] in the Canadian Rockies. It is an important constituent in the grasslands of the Canadian Rockies, occurring in the rough fescue (Festuca altaica) grasslands [19,29,109,125,151,195]. It is commonly found in the rough fescue/Parry's danthonia (Danthonia parryi) plant association of Alberta [168]. It may codominate grasslands with bearberry and prickly rose in western Canada [172]. Shrubby cinquefoil is common in riparian and forest wetland vegetation [83,91].

Shrubby cinquefoil occurs in the open willow shrub communities of interior Alaska [67,196]. It is a common understory shrub in white spruce stands [55] and in the open black spruce forests of Alaska, occurring with bog blueberry (Vaccinium uliginosum), mountain cranberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea), Labrador tea, black crowberry (Empetrum nigrum), and red bearberry (Arctostaphylos rubra) [55,79]. It may form a dense shrub layer with russet buffaloberry, diamondleaf willow (Salix planifolia ssp. pulchra), prickly rose, and saplings of white spruce and balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera) in upland taiga vegetation [112]. Shrubby cinquefoil is a common understory species in Alaska willow (Salix alaxensis) and American green alder stands [36]. Shrubby cinquefoil is common in freshwater marshes and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) and bluejoint reedgrass (Calamagrostis canadensis) grasslands [67], and may occur as a dominant in arctic alpine plant communities [86].

Western United States:
Shrubby cinquefoil is a codominant in the montane grasslands of north-central Montana, occurring with Idaho fescue (Festuca idahoensis) and rough fescue [110,178]. In some areas shrubby cinquefoil has become established in large continuous stands [148]. It is also a codominant with rough fescue in a tundra-like plant community of subalpine grassland above timberline [178]. It is a common associate of bearberry, rockdwelling sedge (Carex rupestris), and russet buffaloberry on subalpine sites [6]. Shrubby cinquefoil commonly occurs with creeping juniper in the juniper (Juniperus spp.)/cinquefoil (Potentilla spp.)/fescue (Festuca spp.) and juniper/cinquefoil/sedgeplant associations. It is also common in  juniper/alpineoatgrass (Helictotrichon spp.) and juniper/little bluestem/fescue plant associations [119]. It may also occur with big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) or silver sagebrush (Artemisia cana) in eastern and southwestern Montana [126,128,134,135]; and with willow [139], onespike danthonia (Danthonia unispicata), and mountain brome (Bromus carinatus) [128] in southwestern Montana. Shrubby cinquefoil also forms a major riparian or wetland vegetation type in Montana [62,64,65,66]. It is common in Douglas-fir and lodgepole pine forests [106] and in the Douglas-fir/common snowberry habitat type [96].

Shrubby cinquefoil occurs sparsely in Rocky Mountain juniper stands [146] and in the wooded draws of upland grass communities [200] in the badlands of North Dakota.  It occurs commonly in this region with skunkbush sumac (Rhus trilobata) and Saskatoon serviceberry [159,200]. In the Black Hills of South Dakota, shrubby cinquefoil is the most common understory species in the ponderosa pine/shrubby cinquefoil/common snowberry/woodland strawberry (Fragaria vesca) plant community [39,177].

In western Wyoming, shrubby cinquefoil occurs in silver sagebrush, shrub swamp communities, and occasionally in riparian and aspen forests [7,99,149,198]. It is common in big sagebrush/bitterbrush (Purshia tridentata) [76] and big sagebrush/Sandberg bluegrass (Poa secunda) [169] plant associations. Shrubby cinquefoil is a characteristic shrub of the spruce (Picea spp.)-fir (Abies spp.) zone [25]. It is commonly found with Englemann spruce (Picea engelmannii), blue spruce, lodgepole pine, subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa), narrowleaf cottonwood (Populus angustifolia), common snowberry, pachistima (Pachistima myrsinites), red-osier dogwood (Cornus sericea), common juniper, Oregon-grape (Mahonia repens), russet buffaloberry [198], big sagebrush, silver sagebrush [199], timber oatgrass (Danthonia intermedia) [181], tufted hairgrass, Wolf's trisetum (Trisetum wolfii), alpine timothy (Phleum alpinum), varileaf cinquefoil (Potentilla diversifolia), and meadow thistle (Cirsium scariosum) [115]. Shrubby cinquefoil is common in limber pine habitat types in Wyoming, Montana, and Idaho [14,54]. 

In Idaho wetland and riparian communities, shrubby cinquefoil commonly occurs with quaking aspen, sedges, and willows [26,27,144]. The shrubby cinquefoil/timber oatgrass plant association forms riparian complexes with sedge and willow communities [28].

In Nevada, shrubby cinquefoil commonly occurs with Gray's licoriceroot (Ligusticum grayii), slender wheatgrass (Elymus trachycaulus), rosy pussytoes (Antennaria microphylla), northwest cinquefoil (Potentilla gracilis), California false hellebore (Veratrum californicum), and Fendler's meadowrue (Thalictrum fendleri) [113].

In Utah, shrubby cinquefoil commonly occurs with silver sagebrush or mountain snowberry (Symphoricarpos oreophilus) and bog birch, Wolf's willow (Salix wolfii), smallwing sedge (Carex microptera), clustered field sedge (C. praegracilis), and Baltic rush (Juncus balticus) [132,199]. It is also common in quaking aspen stands [89], lodgepole pine forests [132], and with narrowleaf cottonwood, common juniper, and bearberry [133]. Shrubby cinquefoil occurs as a prominent shrub layer associate in the spruce-fir zone of Utah [70].

Shrubby cinquefoil is also common in the spruce-fir zone of Colorado [77], and is a common understory species in aspen stands, ponderosa pine, and lodgepole pine forests, occurring with Engelmann spruce, subalpine fir, Douglas-fir, rose (Rosa spp.), russet buffaloberry, and common juniper [31,32,105].

In New Mexico, shrubby cinquefoil commonly occurs in alpine tundra vegetation [122] and in spruce-fir forests with quaking aspen, Engelmann spruce, Douglas-fir, and ponderosa pine [32,136].

Plant Communities:
Shrubby cinquefoil is a dominant species in the following plant associations: 

white spruce/shrubby cinquefoil/bearberry [1]
cinquefoil/Campylietum stellati  [143]
water birch (Betula occidentalis)/shrubby cinquefoil
shrubby cinquefoil/tufted hairgrass
shrubby cinquefoil/dry alkaline graminoid
shrubby cinquefoil/Idaho fescue [81]
shrubby cinquefoil/timber oatgrass [28,81]

Shrubby cinquefoil is a dominant species in the following community types:

black spruce/dwarf arctic birch (Betula nana)-shrubby cinquefoil/sedge
black spruce/willow/shrubby cinquefoil/red bearberry/felt lichen (Peltigera spp.) 
shrubby cinquefoil-sweet gale-bog birch/black crowberry (Empetrum nigra)/marsh sphagnum moss (Sphagnum spp.) 
shrubby cinquefoil-sweet gale-bog birch-narrow leaf Labrador tea (Ledum palustre ssp. decumbens)/feathermoss 
sweet gale-shrubby cinquefoil-dwarf arctic birch/narrow leaf Labrador tea-cloudberry (Rubus chamaemorus) [185]
shrubby conifer/shrubby cinquefoil [132]
shrubby cinquefoil/timber oatgrass [113,180]
shrubby cinquefoil [108]
shrubby cinquefoil/Idaho fescue [199]
shrubby cinquefoil/tufted hairgrass [16,132,140,199]
shrubby cinquefoil/Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis) [16,132,199]

Shrubby cinquefoil is a dominant species in the following habitat types:

shrubby cinquefoil/Idaho fescue [115,126,181]
shrubby cinquefoil/rough fescue [126]
shrubby cinquefoil/tufted hairgrass [13,61,64,65,66].

Shrubby cinquefoil has also been identified as "dominance type" in Montana, with understory species including tufted hairgrass, Baltic rush, clustered field sedge, and smallwing sedge [63].

Classifications describing plant communities in which shrubby cinquefoil is a dominant species are as follows:

• IMPORTANCE TO LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE
• PALATABILITY
• NUTRITIONAL VALUE
• COVER VALUE
• VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES
• OTHER USES AND VALUES
• MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS

IMPORTANCE TO LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE:

Sites abundant in shrubby cinquefoil in New Mexico generally have a low potential for grazing [32]. Shrubby cinquefoil is grazed in some areas by domestic goats, sheep, and cattle [92,125,148,190,194].

Though it is not preferred forage for deer in Utah [5], shrubby cinquefoil is lightly browsed by mule deer, elk, mountain goats, and bighorn sheep throughout its range [55,101,125,148,161,190]. Winter use of shrubby cinquefoil by deer and elk is also typically light [13,65]. It is a low preference shrub for bighorn sheep, though it receives moderate to heavy use when new growth begins [172]. Shrubby cinquefoil stems are important elk winter browse in Colorado [75].

Small birds and mammals consume shrubby cinquefoil seeds [189].

PALATABILITY:

The palatability of shrubby cinquefoil has been rated as follows [40]:

NUTRITIONAL VALUE:

Shrubby cinquefoil provides a fair amount of usable energy and a poor amount of digestible protein [13]. Digestible protein increases with seasonal development, from 0.1% at leaf stage to 0.8% at heading and 0.9% at seed ripening [11]. Specific nutritional information is as follows [85]:

COVER VALUE:

Cover value of shrubby cinquefoil has been rated as follows [40]:

VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES:

Shrubby cinquefoil sometimes occurs as a dominant plant species on dry, unstable cut slopes and is recommended for revegetating dry, disturbed sites [37,53] and roadsides [182,190]. It colonizes oil spills [95], seismic lines [94], and abandoned coal mining sites [158] in Canada. Shrubby cinquefoil is successful in revegetating mining-disturbed lands [17,190], and has shown good potential for growth and survival on amended mine tailings [189], achieving a 67-100% survival rate [51,52]. Because shrubby cinquefoil readily establishes from nursery grown stock, grows quickly, and provides excellent soil stability, it is well adapted for revegetating disturbed streambank and moist meadow sites [13,61,64,65,66].

OTHER USES AND VALUES:

Shrubby cinquefoil is useful for erosion control and soil stabilization [46,189,190], and may be useful in wildlife habitat mitigation [59].

Due to its virtually continuous summer blooming, shrubby cinquefoil is a valuable landscape ornamental [33,37,46,182,189,190], and is recommended for landscaping in deer winter range areas because it is seldom browsed [5].

The dried leaves of shrubby cinquefoil were commonly used by Native Americans to make tea. Dried leaves were also made into a mixture considered an arrow poison that was thought to go directly to the heart. Dried, finely powdered leaves were believed to protect the body from severe, temporary heat [69].

MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS:

The spread of continuous stands of shrubby cinquefoil in western grasslands may be associated with excessive grazing [126,148,164,181]. On bighorn sheep range in western Canada, shrubby cinquefoil was positively correlated with total forage utilization and stocking rates but negatively correlated with forage production. The proportion of shrubby cinquefoil in the vegetation increased as forage utilization increased and the stocking rate increased, but the proportion decreased as forage production/ha increased. Study results indicated that in using shrubby cinquefoil as an index to range condition, grasslands containing more than 5% shrubby cinquefoil, and especially those containing more than 10%, were overgrazed [172]. However, another study in fescue grassland of western Canada found no significant difference in shrubby cinquefoil percent cover at different stocking rates, which ranged from low to very high [195], and other authors report that extensive grazing may substantially decrease the density of shrubby cinquefoil [163,194].

Shrubby cinquefoil may limit forage production on some high elevation grasslands. The density of shrubby cinquefoil has been negatively correlated with forage production [125], and continuous stands of shrubby cinquefoil in particular may limit production and availability of herbaceous forage [148]. 

Effective control of shrubby cinquefoil has been achieved with herbicide treatments of 2,4-D, 2,4-DE/dichlorprop E, and hexazinone. Little regrowth occurred after treatment, and shrubby cinquefoil control resulted in increased forage production and utilization [125]. Picloram is also effective in controlling shrubby cinquefoil, with higher concentrations causing greater mortality [164]. 

• GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS
• RAUNKIAER LIFE FORM
• REGENERATION PROCESSES
• SITE CHARACTERISTICS
• SUCCESSIONAL STATUS
• SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT

GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS:

Shrubby cinquefoil has numerous leaves with 3 to 9 leaflets that have long white hairs on both surfaces [46,78]. The lower surface of the leaves has many stomata; the upper surface has none [46]. 

Shrubby cinquefoil flowers are terminal, occasionally with solitary flowers but usually with many flowers in close clusters [46,103,171]. Varieties of shrubby cinquefoil from North America are monoecious [45,46]. In pollination experiments, shrubby cinquefoil from North America was found self-incompatible [33]. Shrubby cinquefoil produces a compact head of hairy achenes that may persist in winter months [103,171,189].

Shrubby cinquefoil has a shallow to moderately deep, spreading root system [148,189] with thin woody roots [46].

Shrubby cinquefoil is a "long-lived" perennial [190]; on moist marl sites in New York, the average age of shrubby cinquefoil plants was 25.3 years, with the oldest plant 36 years old [165].

RAUNKIAER [147] LIFE FORM:

REGENERATION PROCESSES:

Though the normal means of reproduction is through seed, shrubby cinquefoil also spreads vegetatively from adventitious rooting of prostrate stems [46,148]. Elkington and Woodell [46] note that on some sites, particularly those periodically inundated, this type of vegetative reproduction may be highly effective.

Shrubby cinquefoil grows well under greenhouse conditions from both seed and cuttings [38]. It is easily propagated from softwood cuttings, and establishes well from rooted cuttings [42,104]. Shrubby cinquefoil transplants readily from the wild and from bare-root or container nursery stock. Seeding sites must be moist for good establishment; shrubby cinquefoil seedlings are durable and persistent once established [182,189].

SITE CHARACTERISTICS:

Shrubby cinquefoil often occurs as transitional vegetation from wetland sites to drier upland sites [115,199] and from foothills to mountains [84] in the western part of its range. Though present next to rivers, shrubby cinquefoil may contribute more to shrub cover 65 to 130 feet (20-40 m) from riverbanks [135].

Shrubby cinquefoil has fair to weakly moderate drought tolerance in the western United States [189], and has been rated moderate to high drought tolerance in Alberta [190]. Shrubby cinquefoil prefers open sites but will grow under light shade [125,134,182,190]. Though it is moderately shade tolerant, shrubby cinquefoil flowers more abundantly in nearly full sun [189]. 

Topography: Shrubby cinquefoil occupies toeslopes, mid-slopes, and upper slopes, as well as old stream terraces of steep-sided valleys [81,113,116,117,131,132]. In the Black Hills of South Dakota, shrubby cinquefoil grows on exposed ridges [177]. Shrubby cinquefoil is also found on gently rolling or sloping topography [16,81,126,168,181], in broad meadows [64,65,66,81,132], and on broad terraces adjacent to streams [13,16,64,65,66,132,149]. It grows on slopes ranging from 1-20% [113,132].

Elevation: Shrubby cinquefoil grows in the subarctic zone of northern Canada [94], occurring from 4760 to 5413 feet (1450-1650 m) in the Yukon Territory [12]. It grows up to at least 4920 feet (1500 m) in Alaska [78]. In the Rocky Mountain States, shrubby cinquefoil's distribution ranges from the prairie and foothills to the alpine regions. In Montana, it grows from 2820 to 9500 feet (859-2895 m) [6,13,64,65,66,103,119,126,128,134,139]; in Idaho, from 4820 to12000 feet (1469-3658 m) [26,61,81,124]; in Wyoming from 6500 to 8600 feet (1981-2621 m) [181]; in Utah, from 6000 to 10000 feet (1828-3048 m) [132]; in Colorado, from 9000 to 11000 feet (2743-3353 m) [77]. In New Mexico, it is common in the alpine zone above 11,500 feet (3505 m) [122]. In Nevada, shrubby cinquefoil grows in the subalpine zone, 8500-8800 feet (2591-2682 m) [113].

Precipitation: Shrubby cinquefoil occurs on sites receiving 10-30 inches  (254-762 mm) of annual precipitation [19,36,126,128,145,181].

Soils: Shrubby cinquefoil grows on depositional substrates including alluvial, morainal, glaciofluvial, and colluvial [26,76,81,116,132,144]. Parent materials vary [199] and include limestone, sandstone, granite, and basalt [16,26,84,107,126,145]. Soils may be poorly to well-drained; shrubby cinquefoil is tolerant of wet conditions and flooding, and calcareous substrates [1,26,120,127,150,190]. 

In the western part of its range, shrubby cinquefoil is found on a wide range of soil classes [189], from clay, fine loam, sandy loam, and loamy skeletal soils [16,26,61,64,65,66,113,132,133,169,190,199] to coarse textured soils [144,177,182,190,198]. It grows well on most textural classes, except dense clay and loose sand [189]. Soils supporting shrubby cinquefoil are moderately deep [26,117,126,181] to very deep [181,199], often with humus layers [117]. Confining rock layers may be present beneath the soil [16]. Shrubby cinquefoil occurs on xerophytic sites [1,133] and on mesic sites [29,105,124,125,168,177,181] with moderate to high estimated water holding capacity that dry out early in the growing season [113,132,199]. In Idaho, shrubby cinquefoil occurs in calcareous fens, phreatophytic woodlands, and spring-fed meadows [81].

In the eastern part of its range, shrubby cinquefoil is found primarily on moist lowland forest sites [24], occurring on dry or wet sites of river banks, lakeshores, fens and marshes [80,82,84,156,157,171]. It occurs on sandy, rocky, and gravelly soils including sand dunes and rock ledges [30,130,171], and on poorly drained soils, occurring in mesotrophic and eutrophic fens [49,154]. Fen sites are often calcareous [20,44,162] with a pH of 5.5-8.0 [162]. Shrubby cinquefoil dominates peatland vegetation in Indiana where pH is 6.9 [176]. Shrubby cinquefoil may dominate the vegetation around calcareous seeps in Illinois where soil is maintained in a saturated condition [175]. In New York, shrubby cinquefoil often occurs on moist marl beds [165]. In Michigan grasslands, shrubby cinquefoil increases in abundance at the lower end of drainage gradients and may dominate vegetation on associated wetland sites [173].

Shrubby cinquefoil is tolerant of weakly saline and moderately acid to moderately basic soils; it is often found on calcareous sites [6,16,19,49,141,144,145,169,177,179,189]. Shrubby cinquefoil is tolerant of poor soil [114], and it has been found on depleted, unproductive sites [32].

SUCCESSIONAL STATUS:

Shrubby cinquefoil may be an indicator of climax vegetation on moderately moist Montana grassland and shrub foothill communities east of the Continental Divide [126]. It is a major shrub component on undisturbed sites in fescue grassland [125]. In the shrubby cinquefoil/tufted hairgrass habitat type, canopy cover of shrubby cinquefoil averages 20-29% [13,61,66], and may form pure stands with more than 7500 plants per acre on sites in Montana [92]. In western Wyoming, stands of shrubby cinquefoil/tufted hairgrass may be mid-seral, while stands of shrubby cinquefoil/Idaho fescue are relatively stable [199].

SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT:

• FIRE ECOLOGY OR ADAPTATIONS
• POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY

FIRE ECOLOGY OR ADAPTATIONS:

The fibrous bark of shrubby cinquefoil results in very flashing, high intensity fuel [92,148]. The high density of shrubby cinquefoil growing in pure stands (up to 7,500 plants/acre or 18,750 plants/ha) may increase fire spread and intensity; when growing in conjunction with shrubby cinquefoil, bunchgrasses may contribute to shrubby cinquefoil's flammability [92].

Fire occurs infrequently on many shrubby cinquefoil sites; some areas are too moist to carry fire [189]. Other sites, such as talus slopes, may lack sufficient fuels to carry fire [92].

Fire regimes for plant communities and ecosystems in which shrubby cinquefoil occurs are summarized below. For further information regarding fire regimes and fire ecology of communities and ecosystems where shrubby cinquefoil is found, see the 'Fire Ecology and Adaptations' section of the FEIS summary for the plant community or ecosystem dominants listed below.

POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY [174]:

• IMMEDIATE FIRE EFFECT ON PLANT
• DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF FIRE EFFECT
• PLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE
• DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF PLANT RESPONSE
• FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS

IMMEDIATE FIRE EFFECT ON PLANT:

Research suggests that spring burns are less damaging to shrubby cinquefoil and cause less mortality than do summer or fall burns [189].

DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF FIRE EFFECT:

PLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE:

DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF PLANT RESPONSE:

FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS:

The fibrous, highly flammable bark of shrubby cinquefoil may result in high intensity prescribed burns in stands of shrubby cinquefoil. In one study in central Montana, defoliation of overstory conifers was common due to high intensity burning of shrubby cinquefoil in the understory, resulting in 90% mortality of trees [92].

On one southwestern Montana site, browsing of shrubby cinquefoil after prescribed burning was substantially greater than browsing prior to burning [93].

For more information about fire effects and management considerations of shrubby cinquefoil, see the "Fire Case Studies" section of this FEIS summary.

• 1st CASE STUDY:
Prescribed burning applications in light, flashy fuels of Blacktail Hills, Montana
• 2nd CASE STUDY: Prescribed burning of mountain range on the Gallatin National Forest, Montana
• 3rd CASE STUDY: Prescribed burning of shrubby cinquefoil stands in the Little Belt Mountains in Montana

1st CASE STUDY:

• REFERENCE
• SEASON/SEVERITY CLASSIFICATION
• STUDY LOCATION
• PREFIRE VEGETATIVE COMMUNITY
• TARGET SPECIES PHENOLOGICAL STATE
• SITE DESCRIPTION
• FIRE DESCRIPTION
• FIRE EFFECTS ON TARGET SPECIES
• FIRE MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS

CASE NAME:
Prescribed burning applications in light, flashy fuels of Blacktail Hills, Montana

REFERENCE:
Keown, L. D. 1977 [92]

FIRE CASE STUDY AUTHORSHIP:
Tirmenstein, D. 1987.

SEASON/SEVERITY CLASSIFICATION:
spring/low

STUDY LOCATION:
This prescribed fire was conducted in the Blacktail Hills near Stanford, Montana.

PREFIRE VEGETATIVE COMMUNITY:
The burn units in this study included sites that were grass- or shrub-dominated, as well as ecotonal areas where forest communities intermixed with grass or shrub communities. The general vegetative composition of these units was:
  1) shrub dominated
  2) shrubs and scattered limber pine (Pinus flexilis)
  3) shrub dominated
  4) shrub/forest ecotone
  5) grass/forest ecotone
  6) grass and scattered limber pine; bearberry (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi) well represented

Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), limber pine, and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) occurred on most units, and one quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides) was present on one burn unit. Common shrubs included shrubby cinquefoil (Dasiphora floribunda), bearberry, gooseberry and currant (Ribes spp.), Wood's rose (Rosa woodsii), russet buffaloberry (Shepherdia canadensis), comon snowberry (Symphoricarpos albus), and creeping juniper (Juniperus horizontalis). Burn units also had unspecified bunchgrasses and forbs.

Nearly pure stands of shrubby cinquefoil occurring in the shrub-dominated vegetation grew 1 to 3 feet (0.3-1 m) tall and reached densities of 7,500 plants/acre (18,750 plants/ha).

The grazing history of these units was not fully documented, varying between sites and within individual sites. One shrub dominated site was noted as heavily grazed.

TARGET SPECIES PHENOLOGICAL STATE:
The phenological state of shrubby cinquefoil was not specified, but plants were probably experiencing current season growth and beginning to flower.

SITE DESCRIPTION:
The overall topography of the area was gentle. Some relatively flat units were bordered by a slope on one side.

FIRE DESCRIPTION:
Air temperature: 55 to 65 ^oFahrenheit (13-18 ^oC)
Relative humidity: 20 to 40%
Wind: calm to 25 mph
Fuel moisture: 7%
Soil moisture: wet or saturated
Snow cover: present in parts of some units

Fuels were classified as "Model C", with herbaceous vegetation as the primary carrier of fire, or "Model D", with most fuels 1 inch (2.5 cm) or less in diameter. Fuels varied according to the vegetative composition of each unit. All of the burn units had light, flashy fuels mixed with trees, shrubs, or slash. Douglas-fir and limber pine had basal limbs which extended to the ground and were very flammable. These trees burned at "fairly high" intensities. With its fibrous bark, shrubby cinquefoil also constituted a high-intensity, flashy fuel. Fuel volumes determined for two of the burn units were as follows:

This prescribed burn was conducted during the spring. Two methods of firing were used in this prescribed burn, strip-head and backing. The strip-head method was intended to achieve a rapid rate of spread with maximum scorch height and minimum soil heating, and was found to be preferable to the backing method. The backing method was slow and worked poorly, producing irregular burn patterns and going out easily.

Fire in the grass-dominated unit was characterized by a rapid rate of spread. In places, patches of bearberry inhibited the rate of spread and created a mosaic of burned and unburned vegetation. On many ungrazed sites, a "ladder effect" was noted, which resulted in severe defoliation of trees as fire moved upward from the tall grass to the lower tree branches. In grazed areas, fuels were reduced and trees were less seriously damaged.

A rate of spread ranging from 0.5 to 1.5 feet (0.2-0.5 m) per second was typical in the shrub-dominated units. Flame heights of 4 feet (1.2 m) were common. Flame depths at maximum rates of spread were 30 to 40 feet (9-12 m). Shrubby cinquefoil, with its fibrous bark, was largely responsible for heightened fire intensity in these shrub communities. Defoliation of scattered trees on these shrub units was common, resulting in up to 90% mortality of these trees.

Highest severity fires with the lowest rates of spread occurred in the ecotonal areas. Crowning was common at the forest-shrub boundary. Pruning of the lower 50% of the crown was more typical where shrubs were absent.

FIRE EFFECTS ON TARGET SPECIES:
This spring burn caused little shrubby cinquefoil mortality. Soil moisture was high enough to prevent heat from penetrating to the root crown, and shrubby cinquefoil commonly resprouted. However, canopy coverage of shrubby cinquefoil was reduced by an average of 75%.

Preburn percent coverage of shrubby cinquefoil averaged 26%, decreasing to 12% after fire.

FIRE MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS:
Domestic cattle and deer were observed feeding preferentially in burned areas. Cattle use of shrubby cinquefoil was estimated at 24% of available plants. In the following winter, snow depths on burned plots were generally much lower than on similar unburned areas, possibly due to shorter and smaller crowns of shrubby cinquefoil in the burned areas. Elk and deer utilized these burned areas to a greater degree due to relative ease of movement and an increase in available food.

2nd CASE STUDY:

• REFERENCE
• SEASON/SEVERITY CLASSIFICATION
• STUDY LOCATION
• PREFIRE VEGETATIVE COMMUNITY
• TARGET SPECIES PHENOLOGICAL STATE
• SITE DESCRIPTION
• FIRE DESCRIPTION
• FIRE EFFECTS ON TARGET SPECIES
• FIRE MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS

CASE NAME:
Prescribed burning of mountain range on the Gallatin National Forest

REFERENCE:
Nimir, M. B.; Payne, G. F. 1978 [128]

FIRE CASE STUDY AUTHORSHIP:
Tirmenstein, D. 1987.

SEASON/SEVERITY CLASSIFICATION:
spring/low

STUDY LOCATION:
The burn site was located in southwestern Montana on the Taylor Fork of the Gallatin River, immediately southwest of the junction of Taylor Fork and Wapiti Creek.

PREFIRE VEGETATIVE COMMUNITY:
Dominant shrubs on the site included big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata), silver sagebrush (Artemisia cana), and shrubby cinquefoil (Dasiphora floribunda). Onespike danthonia (Danthonia unispicata) was the dominant grass, occurring with Idaho fescue (Festuca idahoensis), slender wheatgrass (Elymus trachycaulus), alpine bluegrass (Poa alpina), green needlegrass (Nassella viridula), and sedges (Carex spp.). Common forbs on the site included slender cinquefoil (Potentilla gracilis), old man's whiskers (Geum triflorum), dandelion (Taraxacum officinale), sticky geranium (Geranium viscosissimum), lava aster (Ionactis alpina), velvet lupine (Lupinus leucophyllus), rose pussytoes (Antennaria rosea), Virginia strawberry (Fragaria viginiana), false dandelion (Agoseris glauca), western yarrow (Achillea millefolium), tufted phlox (Phlox caespitosa), and forget-me-not (Myosotis sylvatica).

TARGET SPECIES PHENOLOGICAL STATE:
The phenological state of shrubby cinquefoil was not specified, but plants were probably beginning to flower.

SITE DESCRIPTION:
Elevation: 6,900 feet (2,105 m)
Topography: gently sloping to the east

The soils on the burn site were well-drained, with 6 inches (15 cm) of very dark brown loam surface layer, a grayish brown blocky structured clay loam subsoil, and a calcareous loam substratum resting on partially weathered sandstone. 

Average annual precipitation on the site is 16 to 20 inches (400-500 mm), mostly occurring in the form of snow. During the summer, the monthly average maximum temperatures range between 60 and 80 ^oFahrenheit (15-27 ^oC), while the monthly average minimum temperatures range between 26 and 39 ^oFahrenheit (-3-4 ^oC).

FIRE DESCRIPTION:
Maximum temperatures at soil surface: 347 to 401 ^oFahrenheit (175-205 ^oC)
Maximum temperatures at 0.4 inches (1 cm) depth: 149 to 176 ^oFahrenheit (65-80 ^oC)

The prescribed burn was conducted on May 30, 1973, with approximately 140 acres (56 ha) burned. The burn was patchy with some areas completely burned, others partially burned, and still others unburned. Fire consumed most of the available mulch (2.8 g/dm²). Small localized areas within the burn site were "severely burned".

FIRE EFFECTS ON TARGET SPECIES:
Shrubby cinquefoil was reduced significantly (p<0.01) by this burn, decreasing in basal cover from 0.65 dm²/20 dm² to 0.15 dm²/20 dm². Though damaged by fire, shrubby cinquefoil experienced some resprouting.

FIRE MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS:
No entry

3rd CASE STUDY:

• REFERENCE
• SEASON/SEVERITY CLASSIFICATION
• STUDY LOCATION
• PREFIRE VEGETATIVE COMMUNITY
• TARGET SPECIES PHENOLOGICAL STATE
• SITE DESCRIPTION
• FIRE DESCRIPTION
• FIRE EFFECTS ON TARGET SPECIES
• FIRE MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS

CASE NAME:
Prescribed burning of shrubby cinquefoil stands in the Little Belt Mountains in Montana

REFERENCE:
Redern, S. P. 1984 [148]

FIRE CASE STUDY AUTHORSHIP:
Anderson, M. 2001

SEASON/SEVERITY CLASSIFICATION:
summer/low severity
fall/moderate severity
spring/high severity

STUDY LOCATION:
The two prescribed burn sites were located in the Wolf Creek drainage in the Little Belt Mountains of central Montana, south of Stanford, Montana.

PREFIRE VEGETATIVE COMMUNITY:
The site was located in the rough fescue (Festuca altaica) phase of the limber pine (Pinus flexilis)/Idaho fescue (Festuca idahoensis) habitat type. Shrubby cinquefoil (Dasiphora floribunda) was the dominant plant species on the site. Common grasses included Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratense), Idaho fescue, rough fescue, and timber oatgrass (Danthonia intermedia). Forbs included pussytoes (Antennaria spp.), western yarrow (Achillea millefolium), old man's whiskers (Geum triflorum), and chickweed (Cerastium arvense).

TARGET SPECIES PHENOLOGICAL STATE:
Summer treatment: flowering complete, few flowers remaining, seeds not yet formed
Fall treatment: leaves shed, plants dormant
Spring treatment: buds unbroken, no swelling occurring

SITE DESCRIPTION:
Site 1 has an elevation of 5413 feet (1650 m), 5% slope, and a northwest exposure.  Site 2 has an elevation of 5413 feet (1650 m), 10% slope, and a northeast exposure.

Annual precipitation on both sites is 20.5 inches (520 mm) per year. Soils are a well-drained stony clay loam with a strongly calcareous subsoil and fair to good moisture-holding capacity.

Both sites have been grazed by livestock and were burned approximately 7 years prior to this study.

FIRE DESCRIPTION:
Site 1 had fine fuel loads (grasses) of 700 kg/ha and shrubby cinquefoil fuel loads of 2150 kg/ha.
Site 2 had fine fuel loads of 800 kg/ha and shrubby cinquefoil fuel loads of 2300 kg/ha.

The prescription called for a minimum consumption of 75% of the shrubby cinquefoil to a stub height of 3 to 4.3 inches (8-11 cm). Target flame lengths were 23.6 to 70.9 inches (60-180 cm) and target fireline intensity was 14-240 Kcal/m/second.

The following table lists average burning conditions for each treatment on the 2 sites:

Summer treatment; August 16, 1983: The summer burn was less intense because fuel moistures were high, resulting in flame lengths less than 23.6 inches (60 cm), low rates of spread, and patchy burning.

Fall treatment; October 8, 1983: Though not as intense as desired, the fall burn was more intense than the summer burn and was within the prescription.

Spring treatment; April 16, 1984: Flame lengths in the spring burn reached 59 inches (150 cm). Very dry conditions and the resulting low fine fuel moisture contributed to high fire spreads and good fuel consumption.

FIRE EFFECTS ON TARGET SPECIES:
In response to burning, there was an almost complete lack of shrubby cinquefoil mortality. Essentially all burned plants studied, regardless of the season of burning or the amount of plant consumed by the fire, sprouted from the root crown after burning.

Vigor of shrubby cinquefoil plants was measured as a function of the number, length, and weight of spouts on sampled plants. There was no significant difference (p<0.05) between the two sites for the mean number of sprouts or the mean total length of sprouts. However, there was a significant difference (p<0.05) for the mean total weight of the sprouts between sites. Site 2, with its northeast aspect, was a slightly moister and therefore more productive site than site 1. The control plots (no treatment) had significantly lower (p<0.05) vigor than the treated plots, but there was no significant difference in the vigor measurements between treatments.  Plants in the control did not actively resprout, while plants in the burned plots resprouted with equal vigor regardless of the season of burning. A nonsignificant trend suggested that the summer-treated plants were the least vigorous of the treated plants.

FIRE MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS:
Vigor of resprouting shrubby cinquefoil following burning treatments indicates it is a species suited to surviving fire. Due to this response, burning may not be a viable practice for the control of shrubby cinquefoil.

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Related categories for SPECIES: Dasiphora floribunda | Shrubby Cinquefoil