Albania

Italian Occupation

As Germany annexed Austria and moved against Czechoslovakia, Italy saw itself becoming a second-rate member of the Axis. After Hitler invaded Czechoslovakia without notifying Mussolini in advance, the Italian dictator decided in early 1939 to proceed with his own annexation of Albania. Italy's King Victor Emmanuel III criticized the plan to take Albania as an unnecessary risk.

Rome, however, delivered Tiranë an ultimatum on March 25, 1939, demanding that it accede to Italy's occupation of Albania. Zog refused to accept money in exchange for countenancing a full Italian takeover and colonization of Albania, and on April 7, 1939, Mussolini's troops invaded Albania. Despite some stubborn resistance, especially at Durrës, the Italians made short shrift of the Albanians. Unwilling to become an Italian puppet, King Zog, his wife, Queen Geraldine Apponyi, and their infant son Skander fled to Greece and eventually to London. On April 12, the Albanian parliament voted to unite the country with Italy. Victor Emmanuel III took the Albanian crown, and the Italians set up a fascist government under Shefqet Verlaci and soon absorbed Albania's military and diplomatic service into Italy's.

After the German army defeated Poland, Denmark, and France, a still-jealous Mussolini decided to use Albania as a springboard to invade Greece. The Italians launched their attack on October 28, 1940, and at a meeting of the two fascist dictators in Florence, Mussolini stunned Hitler with his announcement of the Italian invasion. Mussolini counted on a quick victory, but Greek resistance fighters halted the Italian army in its tracks and soon advanced into Albania. The Greeks took Korçë and Gjirokastër and threatened to drive the Italians from the port city of Vlorë. The chauvinism of the Greek troops fighting in Albania cooled the Albanians' enthusiasm for fighting the Italians and the Greeks, and Mussolini's forces soon established a stable front in central Albania. In April 1941, Germany and its allies crushed both Greece and Yugoslavia, and a month later the Axis gave Albania control of Kosovo. Thus Albanian nationalists ironically witnessed the realization of their dreams of uniting most of the Albanian-populated lands during the Axis occupation of their country.

Data as of April 1992

Albania - TABLE OF CONTENTS

• INTRODUCTION
• Historical Setting
  • THE ANCIENT ILLYRIANS
  • THE BARBARIAN INVASIONS AND THE MIDDLE AGES
  • THE ALBANIAN LANDS UNDER OTTOMAN DOMINATION, 1385-1876
    • The Ottoman Conquest of Albania
    • Albanians under Ottoman Rule
    • Local Albanian Leaders in the Early Nineteenth Century
  • NATIONAL AWAKENING AND THE BIRTH OF ALBANIA, 1876-1918
    • The Rise of Albanian Nationalism
    • The Balkan Wars and Creation of Independent Albania
    • World War I and Its Effects on Albania
  • INTERWAR ALBANIA, 1918-41
    • Albania's Reemergence after World War I
    • Social and Economic Conditions after World War I
    • Government and Politics
    • Italian Penetration
    • Zog's Kingdom
    • Italian Occupation
  • WORLD WAR II AND THE RISE OF COMMUNISM, 1941-44
    • The Communist and Nationalist Resistance
    • The Communist Takeover of Albania
  • COMMUNIST ALBANIA
    • Consolidation of Power and Initial Reforms
    • Albanian-Yugoslav Tensions
    • Deteriorating Relations with the West
    • Albania and the Soviet Union
    • Albania and China
    • The Cultural and Ideological Revolution
    • The Break with China and Self-Reliance