Azerbaijan Transportation and Telecommunications
Figure 10. Transportation System of Azerbaijan, 1994
Azerbaijan's transportation system is extensive for a country
of its size and level of economic development. Analysts attribute
this advantage to the fact that when Azerbaijan was part of the
Soviet Union, its economy was heavily geared to export of
petroleum and to transshipment of goods across the Caucasus. The
system is burdened by an extensive bureaucracy, however, that
makes prompt equipment repair difficult, and the country's
economic problems have delayed replacement of aging equipment and
facilities.
In 1990 Azerbaijan had 36,700 kilometers of roads, 31,800
kilometers of which were paved. One of the country's two main
routes parallels the Caspian Sea coast from Russia to Iran,
passing through Baku
(see
fig. 10). The other, Route M27, leads
west out of the capital to the Georgian border. A major branch
from this route heads south through Stepanakert, capital of
Nagorno-Karabakh. All major towns have a paved road connection
with one of the principal routes. An extensive intercity bus
service is the primary mode of intercity travel. Maintenance of
the system has deteriorated since independence in 1991, however,
and one study estimated that 60 percent of the main highways were
in bad condition, resulting in excessive wear on vehicles and
tires and in poor fuel consumption.
Azerbaijan had 2,090 kilometers of rail lines in 1990,
excluding several small industrial lines. Most lines are 1.520-
meter broad gauge, and the principal routes are electrified. In
the 1990s, the rail system carried the vast majority of the
country's freight. As with the highway system, one of the two
main lines parallels the Caspian Sea coast from Russia to Iran
before heading west to Turkey, and the other closely parallels
Route M27 from Baku to the Georgian border. A major spur also
parallels the highway to Stepanakert. Another smaller rail line
begins just west of Baku and hugs the Iranian border to provide
the only rail link to Azerbaijan's Nakhichevan Autonomous
Republic, isolated southwest of Armenia. Passenger service from
Baku to Erevan has been suspended, and service from Baku to
Tbilisi has sometimes been disrupted because of the NagornoKarabakh conflict. In 1994 passenger service from Baku to Iran
also was halted. Trains making the forty-three-hour trip to
Moscow, however, still operate three times daily. The government
estimates that 700 kilometers, or about one-third, of the rail
system are in such poor condition that reconstruction is
necessary. Much of the system has speed restrictions because of
the poor conditions of the rails.
Baku has a modest subway system with twenty-nine kilometers
of heavy-rail lines. The system has eighteen stations and is
arranged in two lines that cross in the center of the city.
Another seventeen kilometers, under construction in 1994, would
add twelve more stations to the system.
In 1992 Azerbaijan had twenty-six airfields with paved
surfaces. Baku International Airport, twenty-eight kilometers
southwest of the city, is the country's principal airport. The
number of international air passengers is higher in Azerbaijan
than in Armenia and Georgia, with most air traffic moving between
Baku and cities in the former Soviet Union. Besides flights to
Russia, Azerbaijan Airlines provides service to Turkey and Iran,
and direct flights on foreign carriers are available to Pakistan
and Tajikistan.
Although situated at an excellent natural harbor, Baku has
not developed into a major international port because of its
location on the landlocked Caspian Sea. The port serves mostly as
a transshipment point for goods (primarily petroleum products and
lumber) crossing the Caspian Sea and destined for places to the
west, or for passenger service to ports on the eastern or
southern shores of the Caspian Sea. The port has seventeen
berths, of which five are dedicated for transport of crude oil
and petroleum products, two are used for passengers, and the
remaining ten handle timber or other cargo. The port can
accommodate ships up to 12,000 tons, and its facilities include
portal cranes, tugboats, and equipment for handling petroleum and
petroleum products. The port area has 10,000 square meters of
covered storage and 28,700 square meters of open storage.
Baku is the center of a major oil- and gas-producing region,
and major long-distance pipelines radiate from the region's oil
fields to all neighboring areas. Pipelines are generally highcapacity lines and have diameters of either 1,020 or 1,220
millimeters. The main petroleum pipeline pumps crude oil from the
onshore and offshore Caspian fields near Baku west across
Azerbaijan and Georgia to the port of Batumi. There, the oil is
either exported in its crude form or processed at Batumi's
refinery. Two natural gas lines parallel the petroleum line as
far as Tbilisi, where they turn north across the Caucasus
Mountains to join the grid of natural gas pipelines that supply
cities throughout Russia and Eastern Europe. A spur extends off
these main gas pipelines in western Azerbaijan to deliver gas to
Nakhichevan. This spur crosses Armenian territory, however, and
in 1994 its status was unclear. Altogether, in 1994 Azerbaijan
had 1,130 kilometers of crude oil pipeline, 630 kilometers of
pipeline for petroleum products, and 1,240 kilometers of natural
gas pipeline.
In 1991 some 644,000 telephone lines were in operation,
providing nine telephones per 100 persons. At that time, another
200,000 Azerbaijanis were on waiting lists for telephone
installation. Azerbaijan's telephone system was connected with
other CIS republics by cable and microwave, but connections to
non-CIS countries went through Moscow. In 1992 Turkey provided
support for installation of an International Telecommunications
Satellite Organization (Intelsat) satellite station in Baku,
providing access to 200 countries through Turkey. Azerbaijan
receives Turkish and Iranian television programming by satellite,
and domestic and Russian broadcasts are received locally.
Data as of March 1994
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