Bhutan Armed Forces
Royal Bhutan Army camp at Tashi Makhang, Punakha District
Courtesy Bhutan Travel, Inc., New York (Marie Brown)
The Royal Bhutan Army was organized as a regular
military force
in the 1950s with the encouragement of India and in
response to
China's takeover of Tibet. Following the establishment of
a
national militia in 1958, the government announced a new
conscription system the same year and plans for a standing
army of
2,500 troops with modern equipment. Military training was
given to
all able-bodied men, and by 1963 the standing army was
well
established. A reorganization in 1968 led several years
later to an
increase in the army to 4,850 troops and a campaign aimed
at
recruiting 600 additional troops per year. In 1990 the
Royal Bhutan
Army was composed of 6,000 men and was backed by a growing
militia.
Two women were recruited for the army's airport security
unit in
1989, but no other women soldiers have been noted.
The army's primary mission was border defense, but it
also has
assisted the Royal Bhutan Police in performing internal
security
duties
(see Police Force
, this ch.). The army also
provided
security at the Paro airport and regulated the sale,
ownership, and
licensing of civilian-owned firearms. For ceremonial
occasions, the
army had a band, some members of which were trained in
India.
The army's supreme commander in 1991 was the Druk
Gyalpo; dayto -day operations were under the charge of the chief
operations
officer. The chief operations officer held the rank of
colonel
until 1981, when the position was upgraded to major
general
(see table 33, Appendix).
In 1991 the chief operations officer was Major
General
Lam Dorji. Organizationally, the army headquarters ranked
at the
ministry level and was immediately subordinate to the
Council of
Ministers.
As of 1978, the Royal Bhutan Army consisted of its
headquarters
in Thimphu, a training center at Tenchholing, four
operational
wings, and an airport security unit at Paro. Wing 1 had
its
headquarters in Changjukha (Geylegphug), Wing 2 at
Damthang, Wing
3 at Goinichawa, and Wing 4 at Yonphula. Organized into
companies,
platoons, and sections, the troops were assigned to the
wings
deployed primarily in border areas. The army also operated
hospitals in Lungtenphug, Wangdiphodrang, and Yonphula.
Most if not all of the army's weapons in the 1980s were
manufactured in India. Rifles, bayonets, machine guns, and
81mm
mortars have been noted in the army's weapons inventory,
but some
were believed to be obsolescent. Figures on defense
expenditures
were not publicly available and, in budgetary information
published
by the Planning Commission, were found only in general
government
costs.
The army has traditionally been a small, lightly armed
conscript force. The majority of its officers and
noncommissioned
officers were trained by IMTRAT, which was commanded by an
Indian
Army brigadier at the Wangchuck Lo Dzong Military Training
School,
established in 1961 in Ha District. Recruits were trained
at the
Army Training Centre established in 1957 at Tenchholing in
Wangdiphodrang District. IMTRAT also offered a
one-to-two-month
precourse for officers and enlisted personnel selected for
advanced
training in India. Royal Bhutan Army cadets were sent to
the
National Defence Academy at Pune, followed by training at
the
Indian Military Academy at Dehra Dun, from which they were
commissioned as second lieutenants. It was reported in
1990 that
members of the Royal Body Guards (an elite VIP protection
unit
commanded by a lieutenant colonel) had completed
counterinsurgency
and jungle warfare training in the Mizo Hills in India,
the Indian
College of Combat, and the Indian Military Academy.
The army conducted an annual recruitment drive.
Families with
two or more sons were expected to have one son serve in
the army.
Individuals between sixteen and twenty-four years of age,
having a
minimum height of 150 centimeters and minimum weight of
fifty-two
kilograms, were eligible for recruitment. Selected from
among
volunteers and conscripts, recruits were given ten to
twelve months
of basic training that included weapons proficiency,
"field craft,"
signals, map reading, tae kwon do, and physical fitness.
Soldiers
also were expected to achieve proficiency in Dzongkha,
Nepali, and
English. Annual salaries started at Nu300 plus food,
clothing, and
accommodations.
Since the 1970s, one of the army's goals has been selfsufficiency . The Army Welfare Committee was established in
1978 to
oversee the Army Welfare Project, which provided housing,
food, and
income for the Royal Bhutan Army and the Royal Body
Guards. It was
charged with taking care of individual army personnel
problems and
providing pensions to retirees. Although some labor for
the Army
Welfare Project was provided by army personnel, the
project was
administered by civil service employees and contractors.
By 1979 a
pilot project, the Lapchekha Agriculture Farm in
Wangdiphodrang
District, had been established to provide food for army
units in
western Bhutan. The farm comprised 525 hectares with a
potential
for an additional 113 hectares of arable land. Army
personnel
constructed a twenty-one-kilometer-long canal to irrigate
the farm
and worked there for three months each year. Revenues from
the farm
and other welfare projects helped provide benefits to
retired and
disabled personnel in the form of pensions and loans and,
in the
case of landless retirees, agricultural land grants. Army
careerists could retire, depending on their rank, between
the ages
of thirty-seven and forty-five years of age. Preretirement
training
in farming was provided to army personnel. All retirees
received
pensions, and those disabled during service received both
a pension
and free medical care. In 1985 the Army Welfare Project
generated
Nu40 million in sales of farm services and products, which
ranged
from such practical civil activities as fence
electrification to
protect sugarcane farms from wild elephants in Geylegphug
District
to entrepreneurial endeavors, such as the manufacture and
sale of
rum to the Indian Army and Indian Air Force.
Data as of September 1991
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