Appendix A. Tables

Table 1. Metric Conversion Coofficients and Factors


When you kow	Multiply by	To find
Millimeters	0.04	inches
Centimeters	0.39	inches
Meters	3.3	feet
Kilometers	0.62	miles
Hectares	2.47	acres
Square kilometers	0.39	square miles
Cubic meters	35.3	cubic feet
Liters	0.26	gallons
Kilograms	2.2	pounds
Metric tons	0.98	long tons
	1.1	short tons
	2,204	pounds
Degrees Celsius (Centigrade)	1.8 and add 32	degrees Fahrenheit

Table 2. Finnish and Swedish Names of the Provinces and of Selected Place-names

Finnish	Swedish
Provinces
Ahvenanmaa	Aland
Hame	Tavastehus
Keski-Suomi	Mellersta Finland
Kuopio	Kuopio
Kymi	Kymmene
Lappi	Lappland
Mikkeli	St. Michel
Oulu	Uleaborg
Pohjois-Karjala	Norra Karelen
Turku ja Pori	Abo och Bjorneborg
Uusimaa	Nyland
Vaasa	Vasa
Place-names
Espoo	Esbo
Hameenlinna	Tavastehus
Hamina	Fredrikshamn
Hanko	Hango
Helsinki	Helsingfors
Kaskinen	Kasko
Kokkola	Gamlakarleby
Lahti	Lahtis
Lappeenranta	Villmanstrand
Loviisa	Lovisa
Maarianhamina	Mariehamn
Pori	Bjorneborg
Pietarsaari	Jakobstad
Porvoo	Borga
Raahe	Brahestad
Saimaa	Saima
Savonlinna	Nyslott
Tammissari	Ekenas
Tampere	Tammerfors
Tornio	Tornea
Turku	Abo
Uusikaarlepyy	Nykarleby
Uusikaupunki	Nystad
Vaasa	Vasa
Vantaa	Vanda

Table 3. Presidents of Finland, 1919-

Name	Years in Office	Former Party Allegiance
Kaarlo Juhu Stahlberg	1919-25	Young Finn
Lauri Kristian Relander	1925-31	Agrarian
Pehr Evind Svinhufvud	1931-37	National Coalition
Kyosti Kallio	1937-40	Agrarian
Risto Ryti	1940-44	National Progressive
Carl Gustaf Mannerheim	1944-46	none
Juhu Kusti Paasikivi	1946-56	National Coalition
Urho Kekkonen	1956-81	Center
Mauno Koivisto	1982-	Social Democratic

Table 4. Distribution of Parliamentary Seats, 1966-87

Party	1966	1970	1972	1975	1979	1983	1987
Finnish Social Democratic Party (SDP)	55	52	55	54	52	57	56
National Coalition Party (KOK)	26	37	34	35	47	44	53
Center Party (Kesk)	49	36	35	39	36	38	40
Finnish People's Democratic League (SKDL)	41	36	37	40	35	26	20
Swedish People's Party (SFP)	12	12	10	10	9	10	12
Finnish Rural Party (SMP)	1	18	18	2	7	17	9
Finnish Christian League (SKL)	0	1	4	9	9	3	5
Liberal People's Party (LKP)	9	8	7	9	4	0	0
Social Democratic Union of Workers and Small Farmers (TPSL)	7	0	0	0	0	0	0
Others	0	0	0	2	1	5	5
TOTAL	200	200	200	200	200	200	200

Source: Based on information from Finland, Central Statistical Office of Finland, Statistical Yearbook of Finland, 1987, Helsinki, 1987, 426.

Table 5. Coalition Governments, 1966-

Date of Nomination	Prime Minister (Party Affiliation1)	Coalition Parties1
May 27, 1966	Rafael Paasio (SDP)	SDP, Kesk, SKDL, TPSL
March 22, 1968	Mauno Koivisto (SDP)	SDP, Kesk, SKDL, TPSL, SFP
May 14, 1970	Teuvo Aura (none)	civil-service caretaker
July 15, 1970	Ahti Karjalainen (Kesk)	SDP, Kesk, SKDL, LKP, SFP2
October 29, 1971	Teuvo Aura (none)	civil-service caretaker
February 23, 1972	Rafael Paasio (SDP)	SDP
September 4, 1972	Kalevi Sorsa (SDP)	SDP, Kesk, SFP, LKP
June 13, 1975	Keijo Liinamaa (none)	civil-service caretaker
November 30, 1975	Martti Miettunen (Kesk)	SDP, SKDL, Kesk, SFP, LKP
September 29, 1976	Martti Miettunen (Kesk)	Kesk, LKP, SFP
May 15, 1977	Kalevi Sorsa (SDP)	Kesk, SDP, SKDL, LKP, SFP3
May 25, 1979	Mauno Koivisto (SDP)	Kesk, SDP, SKDL, SFP
February 19, 1982	Kalevi Sorsa (SDP)	Kesk, SDP, SKDL, SFP4
May 6, 1983	Kalevi Sorsa (SDP)	SDP, Kesk, SMP, SFP
April 30, 1987	Harri Holkeri (KOK)	SDP, KOK, SMP, SFP

1 For full names of political parties, see Table 4.
2 After March 26, 1971, this government consisted of the SDP, Kesk, LKP, SFP.
3 After March 2, 1978, this government consisted of the Kesk, SDP, SKDL, and LKP.
4 After December 30, 1982, this government consisted of the Kesk, SDP, and SFP.

Source: Based on information from David Arter, Politics and Policy-Making in Finland, New York, 1987, 54; and Juhani Mylly and R. Michael Berry (eds.), Political Parties in Finland, Turku, Finland, 1984, 189.

Table 6. Parliamentary Election Results, 1979-87

Party	Number of Votes (Percentage of Total Vote)
	1979	1983	1987
Finnish Social Democratic Party (SDP)	691,512 (23.9)	795,953 (26.7)	695,331 (24.1)
National Coalition Party (KOK)	626,764 (21.7)	659,078 (22.1)	666,236 (23.1)
Center Party (Kesk)	500,478 (17.3)	525,207 (17.6)	507,460 (17.6)
Finnish People's Democratic League (SKDL)	518,045 (17.9)	400,930 (13.4)	270,433 (9.4)
Finnish Rural Party (SMP)	132,457 (4.6)	288,711 (9.7)	181,938 (6.3)
Swedish People's Party (SFP)	122,418 (4.2)	137,423 (4.6)	152,597 (5.3)
Democratic Alternative (DEVA)			122,181 (4.2)
The Greens			115,988 (4.0)
Finnish Christian League (SKL)	138,244 (4.8)	90,410 (3.0)	74,209 (2.6)
Finnish Pensioners' Party			35,100 (1.2)
Liberal People's Party (LKP)	106,560 (3.7)	¹	27,824 (1.0)
Constitutional Party of the Right (POP)	34,958 (1.2)	11,104 (0.4)	3,096 (0.1)
Unification Party of the Finnish People	9,316 (0.3)	2,335 (0.1)
Others	13,694(0.5)	68,543 (2.3)	27,700 (1.0)
TOTAL²	2,894,446 (100.0)	2,979,694 (100.0)	2,880,093 (100.0)

1 Joined forces with Center Party for this election.
2 Figures do not add up to total because of rounding.

Source: Based on information from Finland, Central Statistical Office of Finland, Statistical Yearbook of Finland, 1982, Helsinki, 1982, 392; Finland, Central Statistical Office of Finland, Statistical Yearbook of Finland, 1987, Helsinki, 1987, 426-28.

Table 7. National Population and Percentage Living in Urban Municipalities, Selected Years, 1800-1985

Year	Population	Percentage Living in Urban Municipalities
1800	832,700	5.6
1850	1,636,900	6.4
1900	2,655,900	12.5
1920	3,147,600	16.1
1940	3,695,600	26.8
1950	4,029,800	32.3
1960	4,446,200	38.4
1970	4,598,300	50.9
1980	4,787,800	59.8
1985	4,910,700	59.8

Source: Based on information from Finland, Central Statistical Office, Statistical Yearbook of Finland, 1987, Helsinki, 1987, 38.

Table 8. Population by Province, Selected Years, 1960-85

**(in thousands)**
Province	1960	1970	1980	1 985
Aland	21.0	20.7	22.8	23.6
Hame	580.8	635.7	664.3	667.8
Keski-Suomi	245.0	238.0	242.9	247.7
Kuopio	270.5	255.5	252.1	256.0
Kymi	337.8	343.9	344.3	340.7
Lappi	205.1	197.1	194.9	200.9
Mikkeli	234.6	219.2	208.6	209.0
Oulu	407.0	401.2	416.9	432.1
Pohjois-Karjala	207.7	185.3	176.7	177.6
Turku ja Pori	660.3	675.1	703.0	713.0
Uusimaa	832.9	1,005.2	1,128.5	1,187.9
Vaasa	443.5	421.4	432.8	444.4

Source: Based on information from Finland, Central Statistical Office, Statistical Yearbook of Finland, 1987, Helsinki, 1987, 39.

Table 9. Finnish Social Welfare Expenditures, Selected Years, 1974-85


Year	Amount (in millions of Finnish marks1)	As a Percentage of GDP2	Social Welfare Expenditure Per Capita (in millions of Finnish marks1)	Index of Per Capita Social Welfare Expenditure (1980 = 100)
1974	14,168	15.7	3,021	70
1976	23,863	20.3	5,049	87
1978	31,557	22.0	6,639	95
1980	40,042	20.8	8,377	100
1982	55,433	22.5	11,484	112
1984	72,300	23.4	14,810	124
1985	82,799	24.6	16,891	134

1 For value of the Finnish mark--see Glossary.
2 GDP--gross domestic product.

Source: Based on information from Nordic Council of Ministers, Nordic Statistical Secretariat, Yearbook of Nordic Statistics, 1987, Copenhagen, 1988, 316-17.

Table 10. Social Expenditures, 1980 and 1985

(in millions of Finnish marks)*
Item of Expenditure	1980	1985
Health	10,717	23,157
Industrial injury insurance and occupational safety	578	1,139
Unemployment	2,658	5,589
Pensions, old-age, invalidity, etc.	17,899	36,050
Family and child welfare	4,468	9,915
General assistance	203	814
Benefits to military and war casualties	1,094	2,237
Estimated tax deduction for children	701	1,156
Administrative costs	1,286	2,742
TOTAL	39,604	82,799

*For value of the Finnish mark--see Glossary.

Source: Based on information from Nordic Council of Ministers, Nordic Statistical Secretariat, Yearbook of Nordic Statistics, 1982, Copenhagen, 1983, 278-79; and Nordic Council of Ministers, Nordic Statistical Secretariat, Yearbook of Nordic Statistics, 1987, Copenhagen, 1988, 313-14.

Table 11. Health Care Personnel and Facilities, Selected Years, 1960-85

	1960	1970	1980	1985
Physicians	2,827	4,798	9,016	11,072
Population per physician	1,567	960	531	444
Dentists	1,809	2,695	3,938	4,595
Nurses and midwives	12,083	20,783	28,432	43,989¹
Pharmacies	532	562	565	577
Hospitals	348	357	349	372
Hospital beds, total	41,027	52,264	58,599	60,958
Private hospital beds	2,570	3,145	3,087	3,068
Patients admitted during year	521,336	786,769	954,577	984,074²
Hospital occupancy rate (in percentage)	91	93	85	82²
Average hospital stay in days	26.2	21.9	19.1	18.3²

¹ Includes all qualified persons under age sixty, active and inactive.
² 1983 figures.

Source: Based on information from Finland, Central Statistical Office of Finland, Statistical Yearbook of Finland, 1987, Helsinki, 1987, 368, 370.

Table 12. Sex and Age Specific Death Rates by Cause, 1981-85

**(Deaths per 100,000 mean population)**
	Age
	Cause of Death	0-34	35-44	45-54	55-64	65+	All
Men	Cardiovascular diseases	7.8	83.2	372.8	1,075.5	9,191.2	514.3
	Cancer	8.5	33.8	137.4	502.7	3,566.5	211.8
	Other diseases	31.1	47.3	103.6	224.6	3,144.9	169.9
	Violent deaths*	65.5	134.2	170.3	175.4	543.0	114.1
	Total deaths	112.9	298.5	784.1	1,978.2	16,445.6	1,010.1
Women	Cardiovascular diseases	2.6	21.7	71.9	287.0	6,515.2	484.4
	Cancer	6.6	38.9	113.6	271.0	1,720.0	173.8
	Other diseases	23.5	20.6	42.3	110.1	2,055.8	157.3
	Violent deaths*	15.7	28.4	40.6	45.2	278.6	29.6
	Total deaths	48.4	109.6	268.4	713.3	10,569.6	845.1

*Includes suicides, accidents, and poisonings.

Source: Based on information from Nordic Council of Ministers, Nordic Statistical Secretariat, Yearbook of Nordic Statistics, 1987, Copenhagen, 1988, 66-67.

Table 13. Gross Domestic Product (GDP), by Sector, Selected Years, 1950-86

	1950		1960		1970		1980		1985		1986
	Amount*	Percentage of Total GDP	Amount*	Percentage of Total GDP	Amount*	Percentage of Total GDP	Amount*	Percentage of Total GDP	Amount*	Percentage of Total GDP	Amount*	Percentage of Total GDP
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing	1,234	25.9	2,792	19.8	5,408	13.9	16,573	9.6	24,167	8.1	23,947	7.6
Industry
Mining and quarrying	26	0.5	97	0.7	370	1.0	861	0.5	1,309	0.5	1,039	0.3
Manufacturing	1,325	27.8	3,773	26.8	11,710	30.0	48,408	28.1	75,189	25.3	75,096	23.8
Construction	474	9.9	1,314	9.3	3,702	9.5	13,654	7.9	23,138	7.8	24,386	7.7
Electricity, gas, and water	100	2.1	411	2.9	1,037	2.7	4,991	2.9	9,296	3.1	8,901	2.8
Total Industry	1,925	40.3	5,595	39.7	16,819	43.2	67,914	39.4	108,932	36.7	109,422	34.6
Services
Transportation and communications	313	6.6	1,043	7.5	2,721	7.0	13,644	7.9	23,672	8.0	25,992	8.2
Retail trade	492	10.3	1,405	10.0	3,787	9.7	20,268	11.7	33,163	11.2	36,949	11.7
Banking, insurance, and real estate	182	3.8	1,230	8.7	3,139	8.1	19,275	11.2	39,159	13.2	47,413	15.0
Government	208	4.3	505	3.6	1,702	4.4	28,616	16.6	55,782	18.8	57,015	18.2
Other Services	418	8.8	1,514	10.7	5,330	13.7	6,222	3.6	11,836	4.0	14,991	4.7
Total services	1,613	33.8	5,697	40.5	16,679	42.9	88,025	51.0	163,612	55.2	182,360	57.8
TOTAL	4,772	100.0	14,084	100.0	38,906	100.0	172,512	100.0	296,711	100.0	315,729	100.0

* In millions of Finnish marks at current prices; for value of Finnish mark--see Glossary.

Table 14. Central Government Budget, 1982-86

(in millions of Finnish Marks1)

	1982	1983	1984	1985	19862
Current revenue
Direct taxes	16,953	19,298	22,225	25,384	30,015
Indirect taxes	33,206	36,975	43,530	47,803	52,498
Income from property and entrepreneurship	1,936	2,228	2,649	2,986	2,812
Other domestic current transfers	2,822	3,301	3,858	4,638	4,269
TOTAL (current revenue)	54,917	61,802	72,262	80,811	89,594
Current expenditure
Purchase of goods and services	15,044	17,371	18,374	20,672	21,973
Subsidies	7,377	8,459	9,340	9,878	10,990
Property income payable	2,171	3,096	3,824	4,575	4,582
Current transfers	26,703	32,409	35,984	40,471	43,267
TOTAL (current expenditure)	51,295	61,335	67,522	75,596	80,812
Net current saving	3,622	467	4,740	5,215	8,782
Depreciation	1,037	1,172	1,223	1,353	1,487
GROSS SAVING	4,659	1,639	5,963	6,568	10,269
Capital investment
Gross fixed capital formation	3,268	3,822	3,758	4,024	4,321
Purchases of land, net	170	216	134	156	156
Increase in stocks	254	335	232	193	350
TOTAL (capital investment)	3,692	4,373	4,124	4,373	4,827
Surplus on current and fixed investment account	967	-2,734	1,839	2,195	5,442
Capital transfers to other sectors, net	-1,849	-1,625	-1,732	-1,805	-1,699
Net lending	-882	-4,359	107	390	3,743

1 For value of the Finnish mark--see Glossary.
2 Provisional figures.

Source: Based on information from Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Finland, Paris, April 1988, 113.

Table 15. Labor Force, Selected Years, 1950-85

**(in thousands of persons)**
	1950	1960	1970	1980	1985
Labor force
Employed
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing	909.3	720.8	429.0	279.2	241.8
Industry	412.7	439.3	549.5	584.7	554.2
Construction	125.4	176.2	176.8	156.7	168.4
Commerce	187.6	276.4	399.8	425.8	483.4
Transportation, communications, etc.	106.7	128.8	150.2	175.7	172.6
Services	214.2	285.5	383.9	550.1	648.9
Other	28.4	6.2	29.0	50.7	7.5
Total employed	1,984.3	2,033.2	2,118.2	2,222.9	2,276.8
Unemployed	n.a.	n.a.	144.7	114.0	139.1
Total labor force	n.a.	n.a.	2,262.9	2,336.9	2,415.9
Population	4,029.8	4,446.2	4,598.3	4,787.8	4,910.7
Working-age population (15-75)	2,740.7	3,003.0	3,354.4	3,625.1	3,711.4
Labor force participation rate (percentage)	n.a.	n.a.	67.5	64.5	65.1
Unemployment rate (percentage)	n.a.	n.a.	6.4	4.9	5.8

n.a.--Not available.

Source: Based on information from Finland, Central Statistical Office, Statistical Yearbook of Finland, 1985-86, Helsinki, 1986, 6, 44, 302, and additional information from Embassy of Finland, Washington.

Table 16. Production of Major Farm Commodities, Selected Years, 1980-86

**(in thousands of tons)**
Commodity	1980	1985	1986
Grains
Barley	1,534	1,854	1,714
Oats	1,258	1,218	1,174
Rye	124	72	70
Wheat	357	473	529
Other Grains	28	27	32
Oilseeds
Rapeseed	88	95	105
Root crops
Potatoes	736	600	700
Sugar Beets	900	704	843
Fruits and vegetables
Apples	8	10	10
Tomatoes	20	20	20
Animal products
Beef and Veal	112	125	124
Cow's milk	3,277	3,083	3,044
Eggs	79	85	81
Mutton and Lamb	1	1	1
Pork	169	171	172
Poultry	15	20	21

Source: Based on information from United States, Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, World Indices of Agricultural and Food Production, 1976-1985, Washington, 1986, 58, and additional data from the Economic Research Service.

Table 17. Use of Arable Land, Selected Years, 1950-85

**(in thousands of hectares)**
Crop	1950	1960	1970	1980	1985
Grains
Barley	115.1	212.7	403.5	533.4	645.7
Oats	437.4	490.3	524.3	447.8	411.3
Rye	133.3	110.7	65.9	53.3	30.9
Wheat	188.7	180.8	175.5	124.3	157.0
Other grains	14.7	24.3	27.7	12.1	9.2
Oilseeds
Rapeseed	n.a.	3.4	6.6	55.3	57.7
Root crops
Potatoes	95.8	86.4	60.1	40.9	39.4
Sugar beets	10.1	14.9	14.9	31.7	31.2
Animal feed
Fodder	21.8	15.2	13.6	n.a.	n.a.
Hay	1,001.4	1,139.0	873.3	477.8	397.7
Silage	20.9	12.1	52.3	233.6	222.9
Pasture	220.9	237.8	230.7	203.3	169.8
Other crops	92.8	69.7	170.9	246.9	167.9
Fallow	78.0	56.7	47.8	102.3	69.7
TOTAL	2,430.9	2,654.0	2,667.1	2,562.7	2,410.4

n.a.--Not available.

Source: Based on information from Finland, Central Statistical Office of Finland, Statistical Yearbook of Finland, 1985-86, Helsinki, 1986, 84-85.

Table 18. Industrial Production by Commodity, 1982-86

Commodity	Unit	Year
		1982	1983	1984	1985	1986
Wood products
Cellulose	1,000 tons	4,048	4,384	4,743	4,734	4,686
Fiberboard	-do-	136	137	140	109	86
Mechanical pulp for sale	-do-	36	31	37	34	37
Paper and paperboard	-do-	5,752	6,295	6,661	7,412	7,491
Plywood and veneers	1,000 m3	537	582	551	513	568
Sawn goods	-do-	5,822	7,327	7,611	6,350	6,449
Chemicals
Fertilizers	1,000 tons	1,511	1,755	1,778	1,752	1,669
Nitric acid	-do-	409	541	545	484	508
Oil products	-do-	8,602	9,010	8,765	8,880	7,841
Sulphuric acid	-do-	1,032	1,149	1,165	1,439	1,359
Metal products
Copper cathodes	-do-	48.0	55.4	57.3	58.8	64.2
Crude steel	-do-	2,414	2,416	2,632	2,519	2,588
Hot rolled steel products	-do-	1,847	1,964	1,985	2,063	1,996
Nickel cathodes	-do-	12.3	14.5	15.3	15.7	17.8
Pig iron	-do-	1,944	1,898	2,034	1,890	1,979
Zinc	-do-	155	155	159	160	155
Other
Cement	-do-	1,907	1,979	1,692	1,623	1,261
Cotton fabrics	-do-	16.6	17.2	16.5	9.1	8.1

Source: Based on information from Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Profile: Finland, 1988-89, London, 1988, 18.

Table 19. Geographical Distribution of Trade, 1982-87

**(in percentage of total value of imports or exports)**
	1982	1983	1984	1985	1986	1987
Exports
EC1	34.9	36.2	37.9	37.0	38.3	42.2
EFTA2	19.2	18.2	19.2	19.7	22.0	22.7
Comecon3	28.8	27.7	20.8	23.4	22.0	17.1
Soviet Union	26.7	26.1	19.0	21.5	20.3	15.4
Sweden	12.0	12.3	12.3	13.2	14.8	15.0
Britain	10.8	10.3	12.0	10.8	10.5	11.4
West Germany	9.1	9.5	9.6	9.3	9.7	10.9
France	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	3.9	4.5	5.3
United States	3.2	4.0	8.2	6.3	5.4	5.2
Norway	4.9	3.3	4.5	4.2	4.5	4.7
Denmark	2.6	3.6	4.1	4.0	4.0	3.9
Netherlands	3.1	4.0	3.5	3.3	3.5	3.6
Imports
EC1	33.5	33.6	35.6	38.7	43.1	44.4
EFTA2	17.9	17.3	17.9	17.2	19.3	18.5
West Germany	13.3	13.1	13.9	14.9	17.0	17.4
Comecon3	28.0	28.5	26.2	24.1	18.2	17.0
Soviet Union	24.6	25.7	23.1	21.0	15.3	14.4
Sweden	12.2	11.2	12.3	11.8	13.6	12.9
Britain	7.3	6.6	7.7	7.2	6.5	7.1
Japan	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	5.3	6.5	7.1
United States	n.a.	n.a.	5.0	5.4	4.8	5.2
France	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	3.4	4.5	4.3
Netherlands	2.6	2.7	2.7	2.9	3.1	3.1
Denmark	2.3	1.7	2.4	2.5	2.8	2.8
Norway	2.1	2.6	2.1	2.4	2.2	2.2

n.a.--Not available.
1 EC--European Community (see Glossary).
2 EFTA--European Free Trade Association (see Glossary).
3 Comecon--Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (see Glossary).

Source: Based on information from Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Profile: Finland, 1988-89, London, 1988, 27-8.

Table 20. Balance of Payments, 1978-86

**(in millions of United States dollars)**
	1978	1979	1980	1981	1982	1983	1984	1985	1986
Exports,f.o.b.1	8,508	11,098	14,114	13,669	12,848	12,187	13,098	13,286	16,026
Imports, f.o.b.1	7,417	10,715	14,760	13,327	12,682	12,036	11,607	12,375	14,402
TRADE BALANCE	1,091	383	-646	342	166	151	1,491	911	1,624
Services, net	-374	-429	-634	-643	-851	-948	-1,334	-1,463	-2,167
BALANCE ON GOODS AND SERVICES	717	-46	-1,280	-301	-685	-797	157	-552	-543
Transfers
Private transfers, net	-15	-16	-20	-10	-27	-23	-22	-6	-118
Official transfers, net	-37	-95	-102	-106	-107	-120	-152	-171	-227
TOTAL TRANSFERS	-52	-111	-122	-116	-134	-143	-174	-177	-345
CURRENT ACCOUNT BALANCE	665	-157	-1,402	-417	-819	-940	-17	-729	-888
Long-term capital
Private	784	-40	-61	395	404	244	577	1,107	760
Official2	117	282	110	163	229	109	97	-45	-108
TOTAL LONG-TERM CAPITAL	901	242	49	558	633	353	674	1,062	652
BASIC BALANCE	1,566	85	-1,353	141	-186	-587	657	333	-236
Short-term capital
Non-monetary	-548	-206	388	149	-158	-51	636	-298	-191
Private monetary institutions	-179	295	994	-98	310	228	347	850	-2,121
Errors and omissions	196	-48	226	201	-3	158	-59	-263	985
TOTAL SHORT-TERM CAPITAL	-531	-41 1,608	252	149	335	924	289	-1,327
Net transactions of monetary authorities	1,035	126	255	393	-37	-252	1,581	622	-1,563
Use of IMF3 credit (net)	-43	-111	0	-17	-41	-15	0	0	0
Miscellaneous official accounts4	-322	289	26	-619	301	51	193	-9	-743
Allocations of SDRs5	0	36	36	30	0	0	0	0	0
CHANGE IN RESERVES6 (+ = increase)	670	340	318	-210	223	-217	1,774	613	-2,307

1 f.o.b.--free on board.
2 Includes government bond issues.
3 IMF--International Monetary Fund (see Glossary).
4 Includes payments agreements (tied currencies).
5 SDRs--special drawing rights.
6 Convertible reserves.

Source: Based on information from Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Finland, Paris, April 1988, 114.

Table 21. Daily Newspapers with Largest Circulations, 1986

Newspaper	Place of Publication	Frequency of Appearance per Week	Party Affiliation*	Circulation
Helsingin Sanomat	Helsinki	7	none	430,251
Ilta-Sanomat	Helsinki	6	none	193,971
Aamulehti	Tampere	7	KOK	140,918
Turun Sanomat	Turku	7	none	131,630
Maaseudun Tulevaisuus	Helsinki	3	none	130,894
Uusi Suomi	Helsinki	7	none	92,596
Kaleva	Oulu	7	none	88,177
Savon Sanomat	Kuopio	7	Kesk	85,167
Iltalehti	Helsinki	6	none	78,949
Keskisuomalainen	Jyvaskyla	7	Kesk	76,283
Kotimaa	Helsinki	3	none	76,064
Kauppalehti	Helsinki	5	none	72,983
Etela-Suomen Sanomat	Lahti	7	none	65,145
Hufvudstadsbladet	Helsinki	7	none	65,089
Pohjalainen	Vaasa	7	KOK	64,008
Satakunnan Kansa	Pori	7	KOK	60,807
Ilkka	Seinajoki	7	KOK	53,465
Karjalainen	Joensuu	7	KOK	53,364
Kansan Uutiset	Helsinki	6	SKDL	41,504
Lapin Kansa	Rovaniemi	7	none	40,407
Pohjolan Sanomat	Kemi	7	Kesk	39,149
Etela-Saimaa	Lappeenranta	7	Kesk	34,304
Suomen Sosialidemokraatti	Helsinki	5	SDP	34,099
Keskipohjanmaa	Kokkola	7	Kesk	33,064
Suomenmaa	Helsinki	5	Kesk	32,802

*For full names of political parties, see Table 4.

Source: Based on information from Finland, Central Statistical Office of Finland, Statistical Yearbook of Finland, 1987, Helsinki, 1987, 410.

Table 22. Major Army Equipment, 1988

Type	Estimated Number in Inventory	Country of Manufacture
Armored vehicles
T-54/T-55 main battle tank	100	Soviet Union
T-72 main battle tank	50	-do-
PT-76 light reconnaissance tank	15	-do-
BMP-1 infantry combat vehicle	30	-do-
BTR-50P armored personnel carrier, tracked	90	-do-
BTR-60P armored personnel carrier, 8 wheeled	60	-do-
A-180 Pasi armored personnel carrier, 6 wheeled	59	Finland
Towed artillery
M-37, M-61 105mm howitzer	70+	-do-
M-38, D-30 122mm howitzer	n.a.	Soviet Union
M-54 130mm field gun	170	-do-
M-40 150mm howitzer	n.a.	Germany (World War II)
M-38 152mm howitzer	240	Soviet Union
M-74 155mm howitzer	12	-do-
Coast artillery
D-10T tank turrets, 100mm	n.a.	-do-
M-60 122mm gun	n.a.	Finland
130mm turret gun	170	-do-
152mm turret gun	240	-do-
Surface-to-surface missiles (coastal defense)
RBS-15	n.a.	Sweden
Mortars
M-56, M-64, M-71 81mm	800	Finland
M-43 120mm	550	Soviet Union and Finland
Antitank wire-guided missiles
AT-4 (SPIGOT)	24	Soviet Union
I-TOW (tube-launched, optically tracked, wire-guided)	12	United States
Recoilless rifles
M-55 55mm	n.a.	Soviet Union
SM 58-61 95mm	100	Finland
Air defense guns
ZU-23 23mm	n.a.	Soviet Union
Oerlikon GDF-002 35mm	n.a.	Switzerland
Bofors L-60/Bofors L-70 40mm	100+	Sweden
S-60 57mm towed	12	Soviet Union
ZSU 57-2 self-propelled	12	-do-
Surface-to-air missiles
SA-3 GOA	n.a.	-do-
SA-7/SA-14 shoulder-fired	n.a.	-do-

n.a.--Not available.

Source: Based on information from The Military Balance, 1988-89, London, 1988, 88; and Tomas Ries, Cold Will: The Defence of Finland, London, 1988, 215-6.

Table 23. Major Naval Equipment, 1988

Type*	Number	Date Commissioned
Corvettes
Turunmaa class, 660 tons, 120mm gun, antisubmarine rocket launchers	2	1968, modernized 1984-86
Missile craft
Helsinki class fast attack, 300 tons, eight RBS-15 SF missiles	4	1981-86
Helsinki-2 class, 200 tons	4	projected 1990-92
Tuima class 210 tons (Soviet OSA-II), four SS-N-2A Styx missiles	4	purchased 1974-75
Isku (experimental), four SS-N-2A Styx missiles	1	1970
Fast attack craft (gun) Nuoli class, 40 ton	6	1961-66, modernized 1979
Ruissalo class, 130 ton, antisubmarine minelaying	3	1959, modernized 1977-80
Rihtniemi class, 110 ton, antisubmarine minelaying	2	1957, modernized 1981
Minelayers
Pohjanmaa, 1100 ton	1	1981
Keihassalmi, 360 ton	1	1957
Minesweepers
Kuhu class, inshore	6	1974-75
Kiiski class	7	1984
Landing craft, utility
Kampela class, 90 ton	3	1976-79
Kala class, 60 ton	6	1956-59
Kave class, 27 ton	5	1956-60
Coast Guard
Large offshore patrol craft, 700 ton	2	1986-87
Large patrol craft	5	1963-87
Coastal patrol craft	24	15 in 1981-86, others earlier

*All ships constructed in Finland except Tuima class missile craft, which were built in the Soviet Union.

Source: Based on information from Jane's Fighting Ships, 1988-89, London, 1988, 155-62.

Table 24. Major Air Force Equipment, 1988

Type	Number	Country of Manufacture	First Acquired
Fighters-interceptors*
MiG-21bis	30	Soviet Union	1978
SAAB J-35 Draken	41	Sweden	1974
Training
MiG-21 U/UM	4	Soviet Union	1974
SK-35C Draken	4	Sweden	1972
Hawk MK-51	39	Britain	1980
L-70 Vinka	30	Finland	1979
Reconnaissance
Hawk MK-51	8	Britain	1980
Transport
F-27 Fokker, medium	3	Netherlands	1980
Mi-8 helicopter	6	Soviet Union	1973
Hughes 500 helicopter	2	United States	1975
Liaison
CM-170 Magister	5	France	1964
Piper (Cherokee Arrow and Chieftain)	14	United States	n.a.

*Some in conversion and training status.

Source: Tomas Ries, Cold Will: The Defence of Finland, London, 1988, 217-8, and The Military Balance, 1988-89, London, 1988, 88.

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