|
Glossary -- Finland
- Council for Mutual Economic Assistance
(CMEA, CEMA, or Comecon).
- Members in 1988 included Bulgaria, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, the
German Democratic Republic (East Germany), Hungary, Mongolia,
Poland, Romania, the Soviet Union, and Vietnam. Its purpose is to
further economic cooperation among members.
- Council of Europe
- Founded in 1949 to foster parliamentary democracy, social and
economic progress, and unity among its member states. Membership is
limited to those European countries that respect the rule of law and
the fundamental human rights and freedoms of all those living within
their boundaries. As of 1988, its membership consisted of twenty-one
West European countries.
- European Community (EC--also commonly
called the Community).
- The EC comprises three communities: the European Coal and Steel
Community (ECSC), the European Economic Community (EEC, also known
as the Common Market), and the European Atomic Energy Community
(Euratom). Each community is a legally distinct body, but since 1967
all the members have shared common governing institutions. The EC
forms more than a framework for free trade and economic cooperation:
the signatories to the treaties governing the communities have
agreed in principle to integrate their economies and ultimately to
form a political union. Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the
Netherlands, and the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) are
charter members of the EC. Britain, Denmark, and Ireland joined on
January 1, 1973; Greece became a member on January 1, 1981; and
Portugal and Spain entered on January 1, 1986.
- European Economic Community
- See European Community.
- European Free Trade Association
(EFTA)
- Founded in 1961, EFTA aims at supporting free trade among its
members and increasing the liberalization of trade on a global
basis, but particularly within Western Europe. In 1988 the
organization's member states were Austria, Finland, Iceland, Norway,
Sweden, and Switzerland.
- Finnish mark (Fmk)
- Also called Finnmark. Consists of 100 pennia (singular:
penni). In terms of the United States dollar, the average
annual exchange rate was Fmk3.22 in 1965, Fmk3.86 in 1975, Fmk3.85
in 1980, Fmk5.30 in 1982, Fmk6.54 in 1984, Fmk5.42 in 1985, Fmk4.79
in 1986, Fmk3.95 in 1987, and Fmk4.17 in 1988.
- General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
(GATT)
- An international organization established in 1948 and
headquartered in Geneva that serves as a forum for international
trade negotiations. GATT members pledge to further multilateral
trade by reducing import tariffs, quotas, and preferential trade
agreements, and they promise to extend to each other any favorable
trading terms offered in subsequent agreements with third parties.
- gross domestic product (GDP)
- The total value of goods and services produced by the domestic
economy during a given period, usually one year. Obtained by adding
the value contributed by each sector of the economy in the form of
profits, compensation to employees, and depreciation (consumption of
capital). Most GDP usage in this book was based on GDP at factor
cost. Real GDP is the value of GDP when inflation has been taken
into account.
- gross national product (GNP)
- Obtained by adding GDP (q.v.) and the income received
from abroad by residents, less payments remitted abroad to
nonresidents. GNP valued at market prices was used in this book.
Real GNP is the value of GNP when inflation has been taken into
account.
- International Monetary Fund
(IMF)
- Established along with the World Bank (q.v.) in 1945,
the IMF is a specialized agency, affiliated with the United Nations,
that takes responsibility for stabilizing international exchange
rates and payments. The main business of the IMF is the provision of
loans to its members when they experience balance-of-payment
difficulties. These loans often carry conditions that require
substantial internal economic adjustments by the recipients.
- Organisation for Economic Co-
operation and Development (OECD)
- Established in 1961 to replace the Organisation for European
Economic Co-operation, the OECD is an international organization
composed of the industrialized market economy countries (twenty-four
full members as of 1988). It seeks to promote economic and social
welfare in member countries as well as in developing countries by
providing a forum in which to formulate and to coordinate policies.
- World Bank
- Informal name used to designate a group of three affiliated
international institutions: the International Bank for
Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), the International Development
Association (IDA), and the International Finance Corporation (IFC).
The IBRD, established in 1945, has the primary purpose of providing
loans to developing countries for productive projects. THe IDA, a
legally separate loan fund administered by staff of the IBRD, was
set up in 1960 to furnish credits to the poorest developing counties
on much easier terms than those of conventional IBRD loans. The IFC,
founded in 1956, supplements the activities of the IBRD through
loans and assistance designed specifically to encourage the growth
of productive private enterprises in less developed countries. The
president and certain senior officers of the IBRD hold the same
positions in the IFC. The three institutions are owned by the
governments of the countries that subscribe their capital. To
participate in the World Bank group, member states must first belong
to the IMF (q.v.).
|
