Jordan Cropping and Production
Government agricultural project using underground water
in Khawr Ramm Desert, southern Jordan
Hothouse in the Jordan River valley
Observers expected food imports to remain necessary into the
indefinite future. Much of Jordan's soil was not arable even if
water were available; by several estimates, between 6 percent and
7 percent of Jordan's territory was arable, a figure that was being
revised slowly upward as dry-land farming techniques became more
sophisticated. In 1989 the scarcity of water, the lack of
irrigation, and economic problems--rather than the lack of arable
land--set a ceiling on agricultural potential
(see Jordan - Water
, this
ch.). Only about 20 percent of Jordan's geographic area received
more than 200 millimeters of rainfall per year, the minimum
required for rain-fed agriculture. Much of this land was otherwise
unsuitable for agriculture. Moreover, rainfall varied greatly from
year to year, so crops were prone to be ruined by periodic drought.
In 1986 only about 5.5 percent (about 500,000 hectares), of the
East Bank's (see Glossary)
9.2 million hectares were under
cultivation. Fewer than 40,000 hectares were irrigated, almost all
in the Jordan River valley. Because arable, rain-fed land was
exploited extensively, future growth of agricultural production
depended on increased irrigation. Estimates of the additional area
that could be irrigated were Jordan to maximize its water resources
ranged between 65,000 and 100,000 hectares.
Most agricultural activity was concentrated in two areas. In
rain-fed northern and central areas of higher elevation, wheat,
barley, and other field crops such as tobacco, lentils, barley, and
chick-peas were cultivated; olives also were produced in these
regions. Because of periodic drought and limited area, the rain-fed
uplands did not support sufficient output of cereal crops to meet
domestic demand (see
table 11, Appendix).
In the more fertile Jordan River valley, fruits and vegetables
including cucumbers, tomatoes, eggplants, melons, bananas, and
citrus crops often were produced in surplus amounts. The Jordan
River Valley received little rain, and the main source of
irrigation water was the East Ghor Canal, which was built in 1963
with United States aid.
Although the country's ultimate agricultural potential was
small, economic factors apparently limited production more than
environmental constraints, as reflected by up to 100,000 hectares
of potentially arable land that lay fallow in the late 1980s. The
government has expressed considerable concern about its "food
security" and its high food import bill, and it was implementing
plans to increase crop production in the 1990s. Growth in
agricultural output was only about 4 percent during the 1980-85
Five-Year Plan, despite investment of approximately JD80 million
during the period, indicating the slow pace of progress.
In the late 1980s, Jordan was implementing a two-pronged
agricultural development policy. The long-term strategy was to
increase the total area under cultivation by better harnessing
water resources to increase irrigation of arid desert areas for the
cultivation of cereal crops, the country's most pressing need. In
the short term, the government was attempting to maximize the
efficiency of agricultural production in the Jordan River valley
through rationalization or use of resources to produce those items
in which the country had a relative advantage.
Rationalization started with a controversial 1985 government
decision to regulate cropping and production, primarily in the
Jordan River valley. Farmers there had repeatedly produced
surpluses of tomatoes, cucumbers, eggplants, and squashes because
they were reliable and traditional crops. At the same time,
underproduction of crops such as potatoes, onions, broccoli,
celery, garlic, and spices led to unnecessary imports. The
government offered incentives to farmers to experiment with new
crops and cut subsidy payments to those who continued to produce
surplus crops. In 1986 cucumber production dropped by 25 percent to
about 50,000 tons and tomato harvests dropped by more than 33
percent to 160,000 tons, while self-sufficiency was achieved in
potatoes and onions.
Production of wheat and other cereals fluctuated greatly from
year to year, but never came close to meeting demand. In 1986, a
drought year, Jordan produced about 22,000 tons of wheat, down from
63,000 tons in 1985. In 1987 Jordan harvested about 130,000 tons,
a record amount. Because even a bumper crop did not meet domestic
demand, expansion of dry-land cereal farming in the southeast of
the country was a major agricultural development goal of the 1990s.
One plan called for the irrigation of a 7,500-hectare area east of
Khawr Ramm (known as Wadi Rum) using 100 million cubic meters per
year of water pumped from a large underground aquifer. Another plan
envisioned a 7,500-hectare cultivated area in the Wadi al Arabah
region south of the Jordan River valley using desalinated water
from the Red Sea for irrigation.
Data as of December 1989
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