Mauritius PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
Geography
Mountain view in Mauritius
Courtesy Mari G. Borstelmann
The island of Mauritius lies about 800 kilometers east
of
Madagascar between longitudes 57 18' and 57 49' east, and
latitudes 19 59' and 20 32' south. Pearl-shaped, it is
sixty-one
kilometers long and forty-six kilometers wide at the
extremes and
has a total land area of some 1,865 square
kilometers--about the
size of Rhode Island. Mauritian territory also
incorporates the
island of Rodrigues, some 600 kilometers to the east,
which is
119 square kilometers in area. Two tiny dependencies to
the north
of Mauritius, the Agalega Islands and the Cargados Carajos
Shoals
(also known as the St. Brandon Rocks), are unpopulated
(see Mauritius -
fig. 5). Nonetheless, their location permits the nation's
exclusive economic zone
(EEZ--see Glossary)
to cover about 1.2
million
square kilometers of the Indian Ocean. Just off the
Mauritian
coast lie some twenty uninhabited islands. Mauritius and
France
both claim sovereignty over Tromelin, small islands that
lie 483
kilometers to the northwest. Mauritius sought to regain
sovereignty, lost just before independence in 1968, over
the
Chagos Archipelago (1,931 kilometers to the northeast),
which
includes the Diego Garcia atoll.
Mauritius and Rodrigues are part of the Mascarene
Islands, a
chain of volcanic islands that include Reunion, the
nation's
nearest neighbor at 145 kilometers to the southwest and
governed
as an overseas territory (département) of France.
The
islands are perched on submarine ridges, including the
Mascarene
Plateau that runs for some 3,000 kilometers in an arc
bowed
outward from the African mainland, and the Rodrigues
Fracture
Zone that ripples eastward and connects this underwater
plateau
with the massive Mid-Indian Ridge.
Mauritius is relatively young geologically, having been
created by volcanic activity some 12 million years ago.
There has
been no active volcano on the island for more than 100,000
years.
The island consists of a broken ring of mountain ranges,
some 600
to 800 meters above sea level, encircling a central
tableland
that slopes from a level of 300 meters in the north to 600
meters
in the southwest. The mountains are surrounded by
low-lying,
sometimes hilly, coastal plains, except in the southwest
where
the drop-off is precipitous. The mountains are steepest
toward
the center of the island and are probably the tips of the
eroded
original shield volcano. The sea has built up a ring of
coral
reefs around most of the 160 kilometers of coastline,
which form
many shallow lagoons, white coral sand beaches, and dunes.
Two of
the best harbors are Port Louis and Mahebourg.
Politically, the
island is divided into eight administrative divisions
called
districts and one municipality where the capital, Port
Louis, is
located.
Lowland plains and gently undulating slopes cover about
46
percent of the total land area. Low-lying plains make up
most of
the Pamplemousses, Rivière du Rempart, and Flacq
districts;
southern Grand Port District; the heavily populated
northwestern
section of Plaines Wilhems District from Beau Bassin to
Quatre
Bornes and to the sea; and smaller areas around Chemin
Grenier.
These areas are planted with sugarcane and mixed vegetable
crops.
The districts of Port Louis and Black River and the more
hilly
interior plains leading up to the tableland support tea,
rice,
and sugarcane cultivation and include areas of savanna and
scrub
forest.
The central tableland covers about a quarter of the
island. A
large plateau spans most of the districts of Moka, eastern
Plaines Wilhems, and western Grand Port, where mostly
sugarcane
and vegetables are harvested, except around Curepipe and
Vacoas,
where tea is grown. The southern part of the tableland--in
the
districts of Black River, Savanne, and southern Plaines
Wilhems--
is much smaller and heavily dissected with a diverse
topography.
It contains tea and forest plantations, including reserves
of
indigenous trees.
Mountains cover about 18 percent of the terrain. The
MokaLong Mountain Range is situated in the northwest near Port
Louis,
and its highest peak is Pieter Both (823 meters). The
Rivière
Noire Mountains and Savanne Mountains are in the west and
southwest, where Mont Piton of the Petite Rivière Noire
(828
meters) is the highest point on the island. The mountains
are
broken into four ridges that produce deep valleys, gorges,
and
waterfalls. The Grand Port Range lies in the east, and to
its
north are the isolated Mont Blanche (520 meters) and
Fayences
Mountain (425 meters).
Rivers and streams dot the island; many of them are
formed in
the crevices between land created by new and old lava
flows.
Drainage radiates from the central tableland to the sea,
and many
rivers are steeply graded with rapids and falls.
Torrential flows
are common during storms and cyclones. Marshes and ponds
lie in
the tableland and on the coastal plain, but the country
has only
two natural lakes, both crater lakes. The largest of
several manmade reservoirs is the Mare aux Vacoas.
Rodrigues Island was formed earlier than Mauritius, but
in a
similar fashion. It sits lengthwise on an east-west axis,
along
which runs a spine-like mountain range some 600 meters
above sea
level. The north-south spurs of these mountains cut deep
crevices
into the terrain.
The other dependencies of Mauritius are coralline
rather than
volcanic islands. The two Agalega islands are connected by
a
sandbar and covered with coconut palms. The Cargados
Carajos
Shoals are a group of more than twenty islands, none more
than
one square kilometer in area, which are primarily fishing
stations.
Data as of August 1994
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