Appendix A. Tables
When you kow | Multiply by | To find |
Millimeters | 0.04 | inches |
Centimeters | 0.39 | inches |
Meters | 3.3 | feet |
Kilometers | 0.62 | miles |
Hectares | 2.47 | acres |
Square kilometers | 0.39 | square miles |
Cubic meters | 35.3 | cubic feet |
Liters | 0.26 | gallons |
Kilograms | 2.2 | pounds |
Metric tons | 0.98 | long tons |
| 1.1 | short
tons |
| 2,204 | pounds |
Degrees Celsius (Centigrade) | 1.8 and
add 32 | degrees Fahrenheit |
Year | Estimated Population | Crude Birth
Rate | Crude Death Rate | Rate of Natural
Increase |
| | (per
thousand) | (per
thousand) | (per thousand) |
1918 | 647,000 | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. |
1925 | 651,700 | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. |
1935 | 738,200 | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. |
1940 | 738,600 | 26.1 | 21.8 | 4.3 |
1945 | 759,300 | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. |
1956 | 845,500 | 32.3 | 14.2 | 18.1 |
1960 | 936,900 | 43.2 | 10.5 | 32.7 |
1965 | 1,076,000 | 38.0 | 12.0 | 26.0 |
1970 | 1,230,500 | 40.2 | 12.3 | 27.9 |
1975 | 1,424,400 | 39.4 | 10.0 | 29.4 |
1979 | 1,595,000 | 37.2 | 9.5 | 27.7 |
1980 | 1,639,700 | 37.9 | 10.4 | 27.5 |
1985 | 1,890,500 | 36.0 | 9.2 | 26.8 |
1989* | 2,125,000 | 35.1 | 7.6 | 27.5
|
n.a.--not available.
*Projected.
Source: Based on information from Mongolia, Central Statistical
Board, National Economy of the MPR for 65 Years, 1921-
1986, Ulaanbaatar, 1986, 79-80; United States, Department of
Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Center for International
Research, World Population Profile, 1987, Washington,
1987, 292; and K.C. Zachariah and My T. Vu, World Population
Projections: 1978-88 Edition, Baltimore, 1988, 282.
Ethnic Group | Estimated
Population | Percentage of
Population |
---|
| (in thousands) |
Khalkha | 1,236 | 77.5 |
Kazakh | 84 | 5.3 |
Dorbet | 45 | 2.8 |
Bayat | 31 | 1.9 |
Buryat | 29 | 1.8 |
Dariganga | 24 | 1.5 |
Dzakchin | 20 | 1.3 |
Urianhay | 19 | 1.2 |
Torgut | 9 | 0.6 |
Other | 88 | 5.5 |
TOTAL | 1,594 | 100.0
|
Source: Based on information from Mongolia, Central Statistical
Board, National Economy of the MPR in 1981, Ulaanbaatar,
1982, translated in JPRS-MON-86-001, January 27, 1986, 13.
(Numbers in thousands)
| Urban | | Rural | | To
tal |
Family
Size | Number | Percentage | Number | Per
centage | Number | Percentage |
1-3 | 24.6 | 17.0 | 39.8 | 23.9 | 64.4 | 20.7 |
3-4 | 42.2 | 29.3 | 46.7 | 28.0 | 88.9 | 28.6 |
5-6 | 36.7 | 25.4 | 34.4 | 20.7 | 71.1 | 22.8 |
7-8 | 24.8 | 17.2 | 25.2 | 15.1 | 50.0 | 16.1 |
9 and over | 16.1 | 11.1 | 20.5 | 12.3 | 36.6 | 11.8 |
TOTAL | 144.4 | 100.0 | 166.6 | 100.0 | 311.0 | 100.0
|
Source: Based on information from Mongolia, Central Statistical
Board, National Economy of the MPR in 1981, Ulaanbaatar,
1982, translated in JPRS-MON-86-001, January 27, 1986, 22.
| Female Employees | Females in
Sector |
Sector | as Percentage | as Percentage
of |
| of Sector | Employed Females |
Material production
Agriculture | 46.8 | 34.9 |
Communications | 46.9 | 0.9 |
Construction | 35.0 | 6.7 |
Industry | 45.9 | 14.5 |
Trade and procurement | 57.8 | 8.9 |
Transportation | 14.7 | 2.8 |
Total material production | 42.51 | 69.02 |
Nonmaterial production |
Education, art, and culture | 62.6 | 11.5 |
Finance, credit, and insurance | 59.3 | 0.6 |
Housing and domestic services | 54.9 | 3.1 |
Public health and social security | 78.8 | 9.4 |
Science and scientific service | 41.3 | 1.4 |
Total nonmaterial production | 54.61 | 31.03 |
TOTAL | 45.61 | 100.0
|
1Average.
2Figures do not add to total because of rounding.
3As published.
Source: Based on information from Mongolia, Central Statistical
Board, National Economy of the MPR for 65 Years,
1921-1986,
Ulaanbaatar, 1986, 144-47.
| 1970 | 1980 | 1985 |
Schools |
Institutions of higher learning | 5 | 7 | 8 |
Vocational secondary | 28 | 37 | 40 |
Specialized secondary | 19 | 25 | 28 |
Primary and junior secondary | 761 | 885 | 911 |
Total schools | 813 | 954 | 987 |
Students |
Institutions of higher learning | 8,400 | 23,200 | 24,600 |
Vocational secondary | 10,600 | 22,100 | 27,700 |
Specialized secondary | 11,100 | 18,700 | 23,000 |
Primary and junior
secondary | 245,900 | 394,400 | 435,900 |
Total students | 276,000 | 458,400 | 511,200
|
Source: Based on information from Mongolia, Central Statistical
Board, National Economy of the MPR for 65 Years,
1921-1986,
Ulaanbaatar, 1986, 361-64.
(in percentages)
Sector | 1960 | 1970 | 1980 | 198
5 |
Material production |
Agriculture and forestry | 60.8 | 47.3 | 39.9 | 33.8 |
Construction | 6.9 | 5.8 | 6.0 | 6.1 |
Industry | 12.1 | 15.5 | 16.0 | 18.6 |
Trade, material, technical supplies, and
procurement | 3.5 | 6.5 | 6.8 | 7.3 |
Transportation and communications | 3.7 | 5.4 | 7.1 | 7.8 |
Total material production* | 87.0 | 80.6 | 76.0 | 73.8 |
Nonmaterial production |
Education, culture, and art | 3.7 | 7.8 | 9.6 | 10.3 |
Finance, credit, and insurance | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.4 |
Housing and domestic services | 0.6 | 2.0 | 2.8 | 3.8 |
Public administration | 4.6 | 2.1 | 2.2 | 2.4 |
Public health and social security institutions | 2.8 | 5.2 | 6.3 | 6.4 |
Science and scientific services | 0.4 | 1.0 | 1.7 | 1.9 |
Total nonmaterial production* | 13.0 | 19.4 | 24.0 | 26.2 |
TOTAL | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0
|
*As published.
Source: Based on information from Mongolia, Central Statistical
Board, National Economy of the MPR for 65 Years,
1921-1986,
Ulaanbaatar, 1986, 134-37.
Joint
Venture | Partner | Sector | Date |
Comments |
Erdenet Mining and Concentrating Combine | Soviet
Union | Mining | 1973 | Exploitation of copper and moybdenum. |
Monogolbank | -do- | Banking | 1924 | Turned over to Mongolian control in
1954 and renamed State Bank of the Mongolian People's
Republic. |
Mongolbolgarmetall | Bulgaria | Mining | Late 1970s |
Mongolchekhoslovakmetall | Czechoslovakia | -do- | 1979 | Exploitation of
fluorite and tin. |
Mongolneft | Soviet Union | Oil | 1949 | Turned
over to Mongolian control
in 1957. |
Mongsovbuner | -do- | Wholesale trade | 1932 | Turned over to Mongolian
control in 1934. |
Mongolsovtsvetmet | -do- | Mining | 1970s | Exploitation of nonferrous
metals. |
Mongoltrans | -do- | Transportation | 1929 | Turned over to Mongolian
control in 1936. |
Sovmongmetall | -do- | Mining | 1949 | Turned over to Mongolian control
in 1957. |
Sovmongolpromstroy | -do- | Construction | After World War
II |
Stormong | -do- | Foreign trade | 1927 | Turned over to Mongolian control
at unknown date. |
Ulaanbaatar Railroad | -do- | Transportation | 1949 | Established with 53
percent Soviet share; equal shares agreed upon in 1968.
|
Source: Based on information from Alan J.K. Sanders,
Mongolia:
Politics, Economics, and Society. Boulder, Colorado, 1987,
85-
87.
(in percentage)
| 1970 | 1980 | 1985 |
Exports |
Raw materials and processed products
(nonfoodstuffs) | 58.5 | 30.9 | 24.5 |
Raw materials (foodstuffs) | 19.5 | 13.4 | 6.2 |
Foodstuffs | 9.6 | 19.0 | 9.2 |
Industrial consumer goods | 5.9 | 9.6 | 16.8 |
Fuel, minerals, raw materials, and metals | 5.4 | 26.4 | 42.6 |
Chemicals, fertilizers, and rubber | --- | --- | --- |
Construction materials | 0.9 | 0.4 | 0.6 |
Machines and equipment | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.1 |
Total exports | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
Imports |
Raw materials and processed products
(nonfoodstuffs) | 2.0 | 2.4 | 2.8 |
Raw materials (foodstuffs) | 0.3 | 2.9 | 1.4 |
Foodstuffs | 12.7 | 8.4 | 6.2 |
Industrial consumer goods | 36.3 | 20.9 | 17.3 |
Fuel, minerals, raw materials, and metals | 12.8 | 24.1 | 28.7 |
Chemicals, fertilizers, and rubber | 5.1 | 6.3 | 6.0 |
Construction materials | 1.7 | 1.9 | 1.4 |
Machines and equipment | 25.9 | 33.1 | 36.2 |
Total imports* | 100.0* | 100.0 | 100.0
|
--- means negligible.
*As published.
Source: Based on information from Mongolia, Central Statistical B
oard, National Economy of the MPR for 65 Years,
1921-1986,
Ulaanbaatar, 1986, 340-42.
Commodity | Unit | Quantity |
Exports |
Cement | thousands of tons | 13 |
Grain | -do- | 139 |
Meat and meat products | -do- | 44 |
Wool | -do- | 16 |
Large hides | thousands | 121 |
Small hides | -do- | 1,256 |
Lumber | thousands of cubic
meters | 39 |
Sawn timber | -do- | 121 |
Clothing | millions of rubles | 38 |
Imports |
Cement | thousands of tons | 49 |
Fertilizers | -do- | 33 |
Fresh fruits | -do- | 2,600 |
Gas, diesel, and paraffin | -do- | 788 |
Lubricating oil | -do- | 24 |
Paper | -do- | 9 |
Refined sugar | -do- | 42 |
Rolled iron and steel | -do- | 74 |
Canned vegetables | tons | 1,500 |
Insecticides | -do- | 1,615 |
Cotton cloth | millions of
meters | 55 |
Silk and synthetic cloth | -do- | 8 |
Woolen cloth | -do- | 1 |
Buses | units | 319 |
Clocks and watches | -do- | 120,000 |
Cranes | -do- | 55 |
Diesel generators | -do- | 7 |
Electric forklifts | -do- | 17 |
Excavators | -do- | 60 |
Machine tools | -do- | 50 |
Motorcycles | -do- | 7,107 |
Automobiles | -do- | 551 |
Radio receivers | -do- | 17,100 |
Refrigerators | -do- | 12,600 |
Sewing machines | -do- | 10,100 |
Television sets | -do- | 11,000 |
Tractors | -do- | 695 |
Transformers | -do- | 186 |
Trucks | -do- | 1,546 |
Washing machines | -do- | 6,500 |
Leather footwear | thousands of pairs
| 566 |
Source: Based on information from Europa Year Book,
1988,
London, 1988, 1, 865.
Hural | Date |
First National Great Hural | November
1924 |
Second National Great Hural | November
1925 |
Third National Great Hural | November
1926 |
Fourth National Great Hural | October-November 1927 |
Fifth National Great Hural | December
1928-January 1929 |
Sixth National Great Hural | April
1930 |
Seventh National Great Hural | December
20-27, 1937 |
Eighth National Great Hural | June
20-July 9, 1940 |
Ninth National Great Hural | February
12-19, 1949 |
First People's Great Hural | July
1951 |
Second People's Great Hural | June
1954 |
Third People's Great Hural | June
1957 |
Fourth People's Great Hural | July
1960 |
Fifth People's Great Hural | June
1963 |
Sixth People's Great Hural | July
1966 |
Seventh People's Great Hural June | 1969 |
Eighth People's Great Hural | July
1973 |
Ninth People's Great Hural | June
1977 |
Tenth People's Great Hural | June-July
1981 |
Eleventh People's Great Hural | July
1986
|
*Known as National Great Hural from 1924 to 1951; thereafter know
n as People's Great Hural.
Party Congress* | Date |
First Party Congress | March 1-3,
l921 |
Second Party Congress | July 18-August
l8, 1923 |
Third Party Congress | August 4-24,
1924 |
Fourth Party Congress | September
23-October 2, 1925 |
Fifth Party Congress | September
26-October 4, 1926 |
Sixth Party Congress | September
22-October 4, 1927 |
Seventh Party Congress | October
23-December 10, 1928 |
Eighth Party Congress | February
21-April
3, 1930 |
Ninth Party Congress | September
28-October 5, 1934 |
Tenth Party Congress | March 20-April
5,
1940 |
Eleventh Party Congress | December
7-23,
1947 |
Twelfth Party Congress | November
19-24,
1954 |
Thirteenth Party Congress | March
17-22,
1958 |
Fourteenth Party Congress | July 3-7,
1961 |
Fifteenth Party Congress | June 7-11,
1966 |
Sixteenth Party Congress | July
1971 |
Seventeenth Party Congress | June
14-18,
1976 |
Eighteenth Party Congress | May 26-30,
1981 |
Nineteenth Party Congress | May 29-31,
1986
|
*Party known as Mongolian People's Party from 1921 to 1924; there
after known as Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party.
Description | Country of Origin | Estimated
Inventory |
Armor |
Main battle tanks (T-54, T-55, T-62) | Soviet Union | 650 |
BRDM-2 reconnaissance vehicles | -do- | 135 |
BMP-1 mechanized infantry combat vehicles | -do- | 420 |
BTR-40, BTR-60, and BTR-152 armored personnel
carriers | -do- | 450 |
Artillery |
D-30 122mm, M-46 130mm, and ML-20 152mm towed
artillery | -do-
| 650 |
ZPU-4 14.5mm, M-1939 37mm, and S-60 57mm air defense
guns | -do-
| 100 |
T-12 100mm antitank guns | -do- | n.a. |
120mm and 160mm mortars | -do- | n.a. |
BM-21 122mm, B-13 132mm, BM-16 132mm, BM-14 140mm, BM-16
140mm,
and BM-17 140mm multiple rocket launchers | -do- | 120+ |
Surface-to-air missiles |
SA-7 | -do- | 300 |
Fighters |
MiG-21 (Fishbed), including one MiG-21U trainer | -do- | 30 |
Transports |
An-2 (Colt) | -do- | 20 |
An-24 (Coke) | -do- | 19 |
An-26 (Curl) | -do- | 1 |
An-32 (Cline) | -do- | 1 |
Helicopters |
Mi-4 (Hound) | -do- | 10 |
Mi-8 (Hip) | -do- | n.a.
|
n.a.--not available.
Source: Based on information from The Military Balance, 1988-
1989, London, 1988, 171.
|