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Paraguay Forestry and Fishing
Forestlands constituted approximately one-third of Paraguay's
total area. Utilized for fuelwoods, timber exports, and extracts,
the country's wooded areas constituted a key economic resource.
Approximately half of all woodlands contained commercially valuable
timber. In the 1980s about 4 million hectares were being lumbered
commercially. Forestry data was only a broad estimate, however, as
a full third of timber production was believed to be exported
illegally to Brazil. Registered forestry exports accounted for
about 8 percent of total exports during most of the 1980s. Forests
have played an important role in the economy since the 1800s with
the processing of yerba maté and the resilient quebracho. Because
of a general decline in tannin exports, however, the quebracho
played a correspondingly less important role in forestry.
Officially, Paraguay produced over 1 million cubic meters of
lumber a year in the 1980s. Trees were processed at over 150 small,
mostly outdated sawmills that produced wood products for the paper,
cardboard, construction, and furniture industries and for export.
Trees also fueled the country's railroad and largest steel mill.
The country's woodlands contained over forty-five species of wood
suitable for export, but fewer than ten species were exported in
quantity. Paraguay was recognized as an exporter of fine timber,
and its wood exports were internationally competitive. In 1987
lumber exports to Argentina, Brazil, and Mexico earned US$50
million in foreign exchange.
Despite the abundance of premium forests, deforestation was
progressing at an alarming rate, about 150,000 to 200,000 hectares
per year. The rapid depletion of Paraguay's woods was caused by the
clearing of virgin forests associated with agricultural
colonization, the farming practice of land-clearing and treeburning , and the felling of trees for charcoal and the other
fuelwoods that accounted for 80 percent of household energy
consumption.
Although the country contained enormous installed energy
capacity, fuelwood remained the most important domestic source of
energy in the 1980s. In fact, Paraguay's per capita consumption of
fuelwood was the highest in all of Latin America and the Caribbean
and nearly three times the level of other South American countries.
The deforestation question was complicated by the distribution of
forestlands and population. Southeast Paraguay was being deforested
the most rapidly. From the mid-1970s to the mid-1980s, that
region's forestland decreased from just under 45 percent of all
land to 30 percent. The Chaco maintained a large number of
forestlands and shrubs, but they could not be economically
exploited.
Government policy was slow to respond to deforestation because
of the traditional abundance of forests as well as the generally
laissez-faire dynamics of the land colonization process. In 1973
the government established a National Forestry Service under the
Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock to protect, conserve, and
expand the country's forests. The service, however, was hindered by
a lack of resources, staff, serious government initiatives, and
public education on the problem of deforestation. The planting of
fast-growing trees and modernization of the lumber industry were
recommended by the government, but only about 7,000 hectares of new
forests were seeded annually in the mid-1980s. Given these levels
of deforestation and reforestation, analysts estimated that few
commercial lumbering lands would be available by the year 2020.
For landlocked Paraguay, fishing was only a minor industry. It
focused on more than 230 freshwater fish species in the country's
rivers and streams. Only fifty or so species of fish were eaten,
dorado and pacú being the most popular. Some fishing companies,
mostly family operations, maintained boats, refrigeration
facilities, and marketing outlets.
Data as of December 1988
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