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Ghana The Low Plains
The low plains comprise the four subregions of the coastal
savanna, the Volta Delta, the Accra Plains, and the Akan Lowlands.
A narrow strip of grassy and scrubby coast runs from a point near
Takoradi in the west to the Togo border in the east. This coastal
savanna, only about eight kilometers in width at its western end,
stretches eastward through the Accra Plains, where it widens to
more than eighty kilometers, and terminates at the southeastern
corner of the country at the lower end of the Akwapim-Togo Ranges.
Almost flat and featureless, the Accra Plains descend gradually
to the gulf from a height of about 150 meters. The topography east
of the city of Accra is marked by a succession of ridges and spoonshaped valleys. The hills and slopes in this area are the favored
lands for cultivation. Shifting cultivation is the usual
agricultural practice because of the swampy nature of the very lowlying areas during the rainy seasons and the periodic blocking of
the rivers at the coast by sandbars that form lagoons. A plan to
irrigate the Accra Plains was announced in 1984. Should this plan
come to reality, much of the area could be opened to large-scale
cultivation.
To the west of Accra, the low plains contain wider valleys and
rounded low hills, with occasional rocky headlands. In general,
however, the land is flat and covered with grass and scrub. Dense
groves of coconut palms front the coastline. Several commercial
centers, including Winneba, Saltpond, and Cape Coast, are located
here. Although Winneba has a small livestock industry and palm tree
cultivation is expanding in the area away from the coast, the
predominant occupation of the coastal inhabitants is fishing by
dug-out canoe.
The Volta Delta, which forms a distinct subregion of the low
plains, extends into the Gulf of Guinea in the extreme southeast.
The delta's rock formation--consisting of thick layers of
sandstone, some limestone, and silt deposits--is flat, featureless,
and relatively young. As the delta grew outward over the centuries,
sandbars developed across the mouths of the Volta and smaller
rivers that empty into the gulf in the same area, forming numerous
lagoons, some quite large, making road construction difficult. To
avoid the lowest-lying areas, for example, the road between Accra
and Keta makes an unusual detour inland just before reaching Ada
and finally approaches Keta from the east along the narrow spit on
which the town stands. This notwithstanding, road links with Keta
continue to be a problem. By 1989 it was estimated that more than
3,000 houses in the town had been swallowed by flooding from the
lagoon. In addition, about 1,500 other houses were destroyed by
erosion caused by the powerful waves of the sea.
Ironically, it is this flat, silt-composed delta region with
its abundance of water that supports shallot, corn, and cassava
cultivation in the region. Moreover, the sandy soil of the delta
gave rise to the copra industry. Salt-making, from the plentiful
supply in the dried beds of the lagoons, provides additional
employment. The main occupation of the delta people, however,
continues to be fishing, an industry that supplies dried and salted
fish to other parts of the country.
The largest part of the low plains is the Akan Lowlands. Some
experts prefer to classify this region as a subdivision of the
Ashanti Uplands because of the many characteristics they share.
Unlike the uplands, however, the height of the Akan Lowlands is
generally between sea level and 150 meters. Some ranges and hills
rise to about 300 meters, but few exceed 600 meters. The lowlands
that lie to the south of the Ashanti Uplands receive the many
rivers that make their way to the sea.
The Akan Lowlands contain the basins of the Densu River, the
Pra River, the Ankobra River, and the Tano River, all of which play
important roles in the economy of Ghana. The Densu River Basin,
location of the important urban centers of Koforidua and Nsawam in
the eastern lowlands, has an undulating topography. Many of the
hills here have craggy summits, which give a striking appearance to
the landscape. The upper section of the Pra River Basin, to the
west of the Densu, is relatively flat; the topography of its lower
reaches, however, resembles that of the Densu Basin and is a rich
cocoa and food-producing region. The valley of the Birim River, one
of the main tributaries of the Pra, is the country's most important
diamond-producing area.
The Ankobra River Basin and the middle and lower basins of the
Tano River to the west of the lowlands form the largest subdivision
of the Akan Lowlands. Here annual rainfall between 1,500 and 2,150
millimeters helps assure a dense forest cover. In addition to
timber, the area is rich in minerals. The Tarkwa goldfield, the
diamond operations of the Bonsa Valley, and high-grade manganese
deposits are all found in this area. The middle and lower Tano
basins have been intensely explored for oil and natural gas since
the mid-1980s. The lower basins of the Pra, Birim, Densu, and
Ankobra rivers are also sites for palm tree cultivation.
Data as of November 1994
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