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Ghana Cocoa
Cocoa production occurs in the forested areas of the country--
Ashanti Region, Brong-Ahafo Region, Central Region, Eastern Region,
Western Region, and Volta Region--where rainfall is 1,000-1,500
millimeters per year. The crop year begins in October, when
purchases of the main crop begin, while the smaller mid-crop cycle
starts in July. All cocoa, except that which is smuggled out of the
country, is sold at fixed prices to the Cocoa Marketing Board.
Although most cocoa production is carried out by peasant farmers on
plots of less than 3 hectares, a small number of farmers appear to
dominate the trade. Indeed, some studies show that about one-fourth
of all cocoa farmers receive just over half of total cocoa income.
In 1979 the government initiated reform of the cocoa sector,
focusing on the government's role in controlling the industry
through the Cocoa Marketing Board. The board was dissolved and
reconstituted as the Ghana Cocoa Board (Cocobod). In 1984 it
underwent further institutional reform aimed at subjecting the
cocoa sector to market forces. Cocobod's role was reduced, and 40
percent of its staff, or at least 35,000 employees, were dismissed.
Furthermore, the government shifted responsibility for crop
transport to the private sector. Subsidies for production inputs
(fertilizers, insecticides, fungicides, and equipment) were
removed, and there was a measure of privatization of the processing
sector through at least one joint venture. In addition, a new
payment system known as the Akuafo Check System was introduced in
1982 at the point of purchase of dried beans. Formerly, producebuying clerks had often held back cash payments, abused funds, and
paid farmer with false checks. Under the Akuafo system, a farmer
was given a check signed by the produce clerk and the treasurer
that he could cash at a bank of his choice. Plantation divestiture
proceeded slowly, however, with only seven of fifty-two plantations
sold by the end of 1990. Although Ghana was the world's largest
cocoa producer in the early 1960s, by the early 1980s Ghanaian
production had dwindled almost to the point of insignificance. The
drop from an average of more than 450,000 tons per year to a low of
159,000 tons in 1983-84 has been attributed to aging trees,
widespread disease, bad weather, and low producer prices. In
addition, bush fires in 1983 destroyed some 60,000 hectares of
cocoa farms, so that the 1983-84 crop was barely 28 percent of the
557,000 tons recorded in 1964-65. Output then recovered to 228,000
tons in 1986-87. Revised figures show that production amounted to
301,000 tons in 1988-89, 293,000 tons in 1990-91, and 305,000 tons
in 1992-93. After declining to 255,000 tons in 1993-94, the crop
was projected to return to the 300,000 ton range in 1994-95.
In the early 1990s, Cocobod continued to liberalize and to
privatize cocoa marketing. The board raised prices to producers and
introduced a new system providing greater incentives for private
traders. In particular, Cocobod agreed to pay traders a minimum
producer price as well as an additional fee to cover the buyers'
operating and transportation costs and to provide some profit.
Cocobod still handled overseas shipment and export of cocoa to
ensure quality control.
In addition to instituting marketing reforms, the government
also attempted to restructure cocoa production. In 1983 farmers
were provided with seedlings to replace trees lost in the drought
and trees more than thirty years old (about one-fourth of the total
number of trees in 1984). Until the early 1990s, an estimated 40
hectares continued to be added to the total area of 800,000
hectares under cocoa production each year. In addition, a major
program to upgrade existing roads and to construct 3,000 kilometers
of new feeder roads was launched to ease the transportation and
sale of cocoa from some of the more neglected but very fertile
growing areas on the border with Côte d'Ivoire. Furthermore, the
government tried to increase Ghana's productivity from 300
kilograms per hectare to compete with Southeast Asian productivity
of almost 1,000 kilograms per hectare. New emphasis was placed on
extension services, drought and disease research, and the use of
fertilizers and insecticides. The results of these measures were to
be seem in rising cocoa production in the early 1990s.
Data as of November 1994
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