Honduras Involvement in the Nation's Economy
Members of the Honduran army's 2d airborne battalion prepare for
parachute jump operations.
Courtesy Department of Defense, Still Media Records Center
In addition to the legislated budget, the military also
receives
an income of about US$40 million annually from its own
network of
businesses, as well as from revenue generated through its
control
of the merchant marine, immigration services, police,
automobile
registrations, border check points, customs, seaports, and
airports. In the early 1990s, new corporate investments
made by the
military averaged US$20 million annually. In the face of
steep
cutbacks in foreign military aid, these investments have
taken on
a new significance for the long-term survival of the armed
forces.
Most military investments are administered by the IPM,
which is
headed by the chief of the armed forces and managed by 100
retired
military officers, who control a team of 3,000 civilian
technicians
and executives, and 10,000 other employees.
IPM's profits, which never come under the control of
civilians
and the normal budgetary process, go directly to the
military and
its retirement funds. These funds provide pension income
to 7,000
retired civilian personnel and officers, some of whom,
depending on
rank and length of service, receive incomes of more than
US$100,000
per year. This income is considerable in a country where
in 1992
the average per capita income was only about US$650.
Military-owned businesses include the nation's most
modern
funeral home called San Miguel Archangel; the eighth
largest bank
in the country, Bank of the Armed Forces (Banco de las
Fuerzas
Armadas--Banffaa), which offers credit cards and loans to
the
public; plus a real estate agency, a stock brokerage firm,
an
insurance company, cattle ranches, radio stations, and
scores of
other enterprises. IPM also makes available Previcard, a
credit
card for the exclusive use of the military, with backing
from
Master Card. IPM is diversifying its holdings at a rapid
rate. In
1991 IPM acquired the country's largest cement factory,
the
Honduran Cement Industry (Industria Cementera de Honduras
Sociedad
Anónima--Incehsa), which it purchased from the government
for US$20
million. In 1993 IPM was well on its way to controlling
the
distribution of cement in Honduras. IPM provided financial
backing
for the army's plan to buy the state-owned Honduran
Telecommunications Enterprise (Empresa Hondureña de
Telecomunicaciones--Hondutel), valued at US$160 million
and one of
the government's most profitable businesses. Military
businesses do
not pay the normal import duties on goods or business
taxes on
their profits, allowing military enterprises to operate at
much
lower costs than their civilian competitors. Individual
officers
also are allowed to own and operate their own firms, and
these too
are growing in number. Civilian businesspeople have
complained that
the military's growing intrusion into the private sector
constitutes unfair competition and that it erodes the
spirit of
free enterprise in the country. So far, docile civilian
leaders,
long-accustomed to seeing top military officers use their
posts to
gain wealth, have done little to curb the expansion of the
military's business empire.
Data as of December 1993
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