NepalThe Rana Oligarchy
The gilded copper Sun Dhoka gate, built in 1753, in Durbar Square, at
the medieval city of Bhaktapur. The gate, which is the entrance to the
main courtyard palace and the Taleju Bhavani Temple, is flanked by a
small shrine of the Rana period.
Hanuman Dhoka Palace, the old royal palace, Kathmandu
Courtesy Harvey Follender
After the death of Jang Bahadur, his eldest surviving
brother,
Ranoddip Singh, became prime minister (1877-85). Because
he was
childless, his term in office was full of plots by Jang
Bahadur's
sons and nephews over succession. These plots were
complicated by
the death of King Surendra Bikram Shah in 1881 and the
royal
accession of Prithvi Bir Bikram Shah (reigned 1881-1911)
at the age
of six. Finally, the doddering Ranoddip Singh was
assassinated, and
Bir Shamsher, son of Jang Bahadur's youngest and closest
brother,
became prime minister (1885-1901). Bir Shamsher
immediately
launched a purge of his opponents. While in power, he
brought piped
water to the Kathmandu Valley, built a suspension bridge
at
Kulekhani, and set up a palace school where English was
taught. His
successor for three months was the progressive Dev
Shamsher, who
emancipated all female slaves, established a network of
Nepalilanguage schools called Bhasa Pathsalas, and started the
first
Nepali-language newspaper, Gorkhapatra (Gorkha
Newsletter).
A coalition of his brothers, upset with his radical
tendencies,
forced Dev Shamsher's resignation and retirement to India.
Chandra Shamsher took over (1901-29) and attempted to
resolve
the unending family feuds over succession rights by
amending the
Rolls of Succession that had originally been set up by
Jang
Bahadur. The modified Rolls of Succession contained three
schedules: "A" class Ranas were the direct, legitimate
offspring of
Ranas, who could dine with any high-caste Chhetri family;
"B" class
Ranas usually were born of second wives and could take
part in all
forms of social interaction with high-caste Chhetris
except the
sharing of boiled rice; and "C" class Ranas were the
offspring of
wives and concubines of lower status with whom interdining
was
forbidden. The "A" class Ranas could fill the highest
positions in
the army or civil administration, but "B" or "C" class
Ranas at
that time could only reach the level of colonels in the
army and
could never become prime ministers. At the time, this plan
seemed
adequate for finalizing everyone's position in the state
and
stopping conspiracy. In the long run, however, the rigid
Rolls of
Succession alienated large numbers of aristocrats who saw
little
room for advancement in the Rana system, lost interest in
preserving it, and even began opposing it. The alienation
increased
when Juddha Shamsher (in power 1932-45) removed all "C"
class
Ranas, including some of his own sons, from the swollen
Rolls of
Succession and appointed many of them to administrative
positions
in districts far from the capital. In this way, the Rana
dictatorship slowly created opposition within its own
ranks.
Prithvi Narayan Shah and his successors had used the
older
administrative systems of Gorkha and the kingdoms of the
Kathmandu
Valley to run the central government of a united Nepal
that was in
theory accountable to the king. Jang Bahadur had inherited
control
over these systems and proceeded to undercut their power
by packing
them with his own officials or by establishing parallel
offices
that duplicated functions and, in effect, took over the
work of
older offices. There had always been an Assembly of Lords
filled by
leading aristocrats, military leaders, administrators, or
head
priests. In the past, this assembly had met periodically
to advise
the king and make important decisions. Under Jang Bahadur
and his
successors, it was full of Ranas and their henchmen. Aside
from the
codification of the Muluki Ain, the assembly functioned as
a rubber
stamp for Rana decisions. Accounting procedures and
records had
been kept by an Office of Accounts, a State Treasury, and
a Land
Revenue Office. Under Jang Bahadur, separate offices
staffed by his
appointees kept records of military grants, religious
endowments,
land revenue, treasury correspondence, and military
correspondence--in other words, the most important
components of
the older royal administration. Special offices for the
investigation of corruption and for police matters
(staffed by army
personnel) formed the core of a police state. There were
few
avenues open for government personnel to work outside of a
network
dominated by Rana interests; those who did could be
detected and
were either punished or coopted into the Rana system. The
government of late nineteenth-century Nepal thus stripped
the
monarchy of any real power and maintained a late medieval
administrative framework.
Because their power was ultimately illegitimate,
resting on the
abdication of responsibilities by the king and his virtual
incarceration, the Ranas became expert at preventing any
kind of
challenge. In the process, they succeeded in isolating
Nepal from
many of the changes happening throughout the world and
even in
nearby India.
The Ranas were not totally inactive during the period
of
dictatorship, however. On the legal front, suttee, or the
suicide
of a wife by throwing herself onto her husband's funeral
pyre, was
abolished in 1920, and slavery was abolished in 1929.
Tri-Chandra
College was established in 1918, and by the 1940s there
were
several high schools in the country and two Nepali
literary
magazines
(see Education
, ch. 2). The Ranas also attended
to
economic development by founding the Pharping
Hydroelectric Company
in 1911 and establishing the Nepal Industrial Board, a
jute mill,
a match factory, two cotton mills, the Nepal Plywood and
Bobbin
Company, and several rice mills during the 1930s
(see Industry
, ch.
3). As for public health, the first tuberculosis clinic
was set up
in 1934. In view of the population of approximately 6
million in
the 1930s, these accomplishments seem pitiful. Almost all
Nepalese
remained illiterate and uninformed about any part of the
world
outside their villages or, at best, their valleys. Public
health
and economic infrastructure had not advanced past medieval
levels
in most areas, and doing anything about it was proving
impossible.
Under Bhim Shamsher (reigned 1929-32), fifty people were
arrested
and fined for setting up a public library.
Because the Ranas relied on the goodwill of the army
and the
British government to support their dictatorship, the army
served
as a legitimate--and perhaps the most viable--means for
Nepalese
citizens to achieve upward mobility or to see the world.
During
World War I (1914-18), the government of Nepal loaned more
than
16,000 troops to the British, and 26,000 Nepalese citizens
who were
part of British Indian regiments fought in France and the
Middle
East. In gratitude the British government in 1919 bestowed
on Nepal
an annual payment of 1 million Indian rupees (US$476,000)
in
perpetuity and in 1920 transformed the British resident in
Kathmandu into an envoy. A Treaty of Perpetual Peace and
Friendship
signed in 1923 confirmed the independence of Nepal and its
special
relationship with British India. As long as British rule
remained
stable in India and the army offered a safety valve to
release
social pressures in Nepal, the Ranas were able to use
their total
control over internal affairs to isolate their country, a
situation
that could not long endure.
Data as of September 1991
|