Romania The Economy
Rolling mill at Galati Steelworks
THE STALINIST ECONOMIC MODEL imposed on Romania after
World War
II survived the following four decades largely unaffected
by the
liberalizing reforms that gradually occurred in other
parts of
Soviet-dominated Eastern Europe. Indeed, in its degree of
centralization, the pervasiveness of communist control,
and the
general secretary's personal dominance of economic policy
making
and implementation, the Romanian model arguably eclipsed
even the
Soviet archetype.
Through a highly centralized and interlocking party and
state
bureaucracy that reached from Bucharest to every farm and
factory,
the Romanian Communist Party (Partidul Comunist
Romān--
PCR, see Glossary)
set economic goals, allocated resources, procured and
distributed industrial and agricultural output, controlled
prices
and wages, and monopolized banking and foreign trade.
Ideological
goals and the preservation of power and privilege for the
party
elite had superseded all other considerations in economic
decision
making--even including the maintenance of a minimum
standard of
living for the general population.
The 1980s were a period of extreme deprivation for most
Romanians. Determined to retire as quickly as possible the
foreign
debt accrued during the previous decade and thereby
reassert his
country's political and economic autonomy, General
Secretary and
President Nicolae Ceausescu demanded enormous sacrifice on
the
part of ordinary citizens. His effort to build large
foreign-trade
surpluses required exporting basic commodities in short
supply at
home. Food rationing was reimposed in 1981 for the first
time since
the early 1950s, while the government continued exporting
large
amounts of food to earn foreign exchange. Consumers also
faced
chronic shortages of gasoline, electricity, and heat.
Durables such
as household appliances and automobiles were exorbitantly
expensive, and their use was discouraged by the
authorities.
In early 1989, Ceausescu proclaimed that Romania had
finally
rid itself of the onerous foreign debt and could resume
the pursuit
of its long-term economic goal--the status of a
multilaterally
developed
socialist state (see Glossary)
by the year 2000.
His
vision of making Romania a "medium-developed" country by
1990
clearly had not come to fruition, as the economy had
suffered
numerous reversals since 1980. Western economists asserted
that
during much of the decade, industrial and agricultural
output may
actually have declined. This decline could not be
confirmed by
official statistics, which had become increasingly
untrustworthy
and clearly omitted many categories of information.
The economic stagnation of the 1980s followed three
decades of
impressive industrial growth, when Romania had maintained
one of
the highest rates of capital accumulation and investment
in the
world. Industrial output by the end of the 1970s was more
than 100
times greater than in 1945. The most notable growth had
occurred in
basic heavy industry, particularly in the chemical,
energy,
machine-building, and metallurgical sectors. Romania had
become one
of the world's leading producers and exporters of steel,
refined
petroleum products, machine tools, locomotives and rolling
stock,
oil-field equipment, offshore-drilling rigs, aircraft, and
other
sophisticated manufactures. Light industry's share of
total output,
however, had declined from more than 60 percent before
World War II
to less than 25 percent by the 1980s. The PCR
industrialization
program had been able to draw on a rich natural endowment
of basic
raw materials, including the most extensive oil and gas
reserves in
Eastern Europe, coal, metallic ores and other minerals,
and timber.
Natural inland waterways and warm-water seaports
facilitated
domestic and foreign commerce. And numerous streams and
rivers
flowing from the highlands provided opportunities for
irrigation
and electric power generation. These natural advantages
notwithstanding, the economy of the 1980s suffered a
severe raw
materials and energy shortage as a large share of the most
accessible reserves neared depletion. Furthermore, years
of
careless resource exploitation had caused severe
environmental
degradation, with particular harm to the water supply,
soil, and
forests.
Equally as critical to Romania's postwar development as
its
natural resources were its large reserves of underemployed
rural
labor that could be mobilized and transformed into an
urban
proletariat. But already by the end of the 1970s, it had
become
clear that this resource also was being exhausted. Romania
faced an
incipient labor shortage of the sort that had already
stricken its
more industrialized neighbors. This shortage was brought
on by a
declining birthrate, the aging of the population, the
emigration of
skilled workers, and the squandering of labor resources
through
poor planning and management. All sectors of the economy
suffered
from low labor morale and productivity and a growing
dissatisfaction with working conditions, wages, benefits,
and the
general standard of living. This dissatisfaction had even
begun to
surface in unprecedented strikes, demonstrations, and
other acts of
defiance.
The ambitious industrialization program had deprived
agriculture of investment capital and manpower for most of
the
first four decades of communist rule. But even as late as
1982,
28.6 percent of the working population was still engaged
in
farming. Application of more modern farming practices and
an
ambitious irrigation and land reclamation program had
steadily
raised production. Grain output more than quadrupled
between 1950
and 1980. Nevertheless, output consistently fell short of
target
and was generally inadequate for domestic and export
requirements.
After decades of neglect, in the late 1970s agriculture
had
finally begun to receive investments at levels
commensurate with
its importance to the national economy. But by the early
1980s, the
general economic crisis prevented importing the inputs
needed to
make the sector more productive. This development,
combined with
the counterproductive imposition of compulsory delivery
quotas on
private farmers and more centralized administration of the
entire
sector, resulted in agricultural stagnation through much
of the
1980s.
Data as of July 1989
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