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Turkmenistan
Industry
Turkmenistan possesses a formidable resource base for industry,
although that base was not utilized to build diversified industry
in the Soviet period. In the post-Soviet period, extraction and
processing of natural gas and oil remain the country's most important
industrial activities.
Structure of Industry
Turkmenistan did not inherit a substantial industrial base from
the Soviet Union. Beginning in the 1970s, Moscow made major investments
only in the oil and gas production and cotton-processing sectors.
As a result, industry is highly specialized and potentially vulnerable
to external shocks. Well-developed cotton ginning, natural gas,
and cottonseed oil dominate at the expense of other sectors, such
as the petrochemical and chemical industries, cotton textile production,
food processing, and labor-intensive assemblage, in which Turkmenistan
has a comparative advantage (see table 19, Appendix).
The shocks of independence slowed industrial production in the
early 1990s. In the first half of 1994, macroeconomic fluctuations
caused by the introduction of the manat as the national currency
and limitations placed on gas exports caused aggregate industrial
production to fall to 68.3 percent compared with the same period
in 1993 (see Fiscal and Monetary Conditions, this ch.). The price
index for industrial producers was 858 percent, indicating runaway
inflation in this sector.
Gas and Oil
Turkmenistan ranks fourth in the world to Russia, the United
States, and Canada in natural gas and oil extraction. The Turkmenistan
Natural Gas Company (Turkmengaz), under the auspices of the Ministry
of Oil and Gas, controls gas extraction in the republic. Gas production
is the youngest and most dynamic and promising sector of the national
economy. Turkmenistan's gas reserves are estimated at 8.1-8.7
trillion cubic meters and its prospecting potential at 10.5. trillion
cubic meters. The Ministry of Oil and Gas oversees exploration
of new deposits. Sites under exploration are located in Mary Province,
in western and northern Turkmenistan, on the right bank of the
Amu Darya, and offshore in the Caspian Sea.
In 1958 Turkmenistan produced only 800,000 cubic meters of natural
gas. With the discovery of large deposits of natural gas at Achak,
Qizilqum, Mary, and Shatlik, production grew to 1.265 billion
cubic meters by 1966, and since then the yield has grown dramatically.
In 1992 gas production accounted for about 60 percent of GDP.
As a result of a dispute with Ukraine over payments for gas deliveries,
in 1992 gas production fell by 20 billion cubic meters to around
60 billion cubic meters. In the first eight months of 1994, transportation
restrictions forced Turkmenistan to cut gas production to 26.6
billion cubic meters, only 57 percent of the production for the
same period in 1993. An additional factor in this reduction was
the failure of CIS partners, to whom Russia distributes Turkmenistan's
gas, to pay their bills.
Most of Turkmenistan's oil is extracted from fields at Koturdepe,
Nebitdag, and Chekelen near the Caspian Sea, which have a combined
estimated reserve of 700 million tons. The oil extraction industry
started with the exploitation of the fields in Chekelen in 1909
and Nebitdag in the 1930s, then production leaped ahead with the
discovery of the Kumdag field in 1948 and the Koturdepe field
in 1959. All the oil produced in Turkmenistan is refined in Turkmenbashy.
Oil production reached peaks of 14,430,000 tons in 1970 and
15,725,000 tons in 1974, compared with 5,400,000 tons in 1991.
Since the years of peak production, general neglect of the oil
industry in favor of the gas industry has led to equipment depreciation,
lack of well repairs, and exhaustion of deposits for which platforms
have been drilled.
Other Industries
Besides petrochemical processing at the Turkmenbashy and Chärjew
refineries, the chemicals industry is underdeveloped in comparison
with the potential provided by the republic's mineral and fuel
resources. The industry has specialized in fertilizer for cotton
at the Chärjew superphosphate plant and such chemicals as sulfur,
iodine, ammonia, mirabilite, salt, and various sulfates at the
Turkmenbashy facility.
Because of the ready availability of natural gas, Turkmenistan
is a net exporter of electrical power to Central Asian republics
and southern neighbors. The most important generating installations
are the Hindukush Hydroelectric Station, which has a rated capacity
of 350 megawatts, and the Mary Thermoelectric Power Station, which
has a rated capacity of 1,370 megawatts. In 1992 electrical power
production totaled 14.9 billion kilowatt-hours.
Turkmenistan's machine building capability has not developed
significantly since the conversion of agricultural repair installations
for that purpose in Ashgabat and Mary in the late 1960s. Goods
produced at these plants include dough kneading and confectionery
mixing machines, ventilators, centrifugal oil pumps, gas stove
pieces, cables, and lighting equipment.
Construction has grown as a result of a shift in state investment
toward housing, education, and joint enterprises. Since 1989,
construction has accounted for around 10 percent of the GDP. Building
materials produced in the republic include lime, cement, brick
and wall stone, ferro-concrete structures, asbestos-concrete pipes,
silicate concrete, lime, brick, slate, and glass.
Most food processing consists of rendering cottonseed oil and
such related products as soap and grease from cotton plants. Because
of the distance between plants and farms and an inadequate transportation
infrastructure, only 8 percent of the fruits and vegetables grown
in the republic are processed. Other processing capabilities include
winemaking, brewing, baking, meat packing and processing, and
production of table salt.
Turkmenistan's carpets are famous for their density, which reaches
240,000 knots per square meter in some traditional weaves. The
Turkmenistan Carpet Production Association supervises ten carpet
factories, but home looms account for a substantial share of production.
Other traditional crafts include the fashioning of national clothing
such as wool caps and robes, galvanized dishes, and jewelry in
forms that state enterprises do not produce or supply. In the
mid-1990s, other light industries provided secondary processing
of cotton, wool, and silk for yarn, some finished textiles, and
wadding.
Data as of March 1996
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