Belarus POPULATION AND ETHNIC COMPOSITION
Children amusing themselves in a park on a Sunday afternoon, Minsk
Courtesy Jim Doran
Young girls in folk costumes
Courtesy Anatol Klashchuk
Population Characteristics
Figure 6. Population of Belarus by Age and Gender, 1990
Source: Based on information from World Bank, Statistical
Handbook: States of the Former USSR, Washington, 1992, 83.
In July 1994, an estimated 10,404,862 people (fifty
persons
per square kilometer) lived in Belarus, with additional
populations of
ethnic Belarusians (see Glossary) living in
Poland, Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Lithuania,
and
Estonia. Ethnic Belarusians in the West (living primarily
in
Britain, Germany, France, Belgium, the United States,
Canada, and
Argentina) numbered more than 1 million.
In 1994 the annual population growth rate was estimated
at
0.32 percent, resulting from a birth rate of 13.1 births
per
1,000 population, a death rate of 11.2 deaths per 1,000
population, and a net migration rate of 1.3 persons per
1,000
population (see
table 2, Appendix A). The estimated 1994
average
life expectancy at birth in Belarus was 66.2 years for
males and
75.8 years for females. The annual population growth rate
is
expected to decrease slowly well into the next century as
a
result of fears of birth defects caused by Chornobyl' and
the
difficult economic situation.
Population growth in Belarus has declined because of a
rapid
drop in fertility rates (an estimated 1.88 children per
woman in
1994) and because of a sharp increase in infant and child
mortality, which had been in decline before the Chornobyl'
accident in 1986. Improvements in the infant mortality
rate,
which was estimated at 18.9 per 1,000 live births in 1994,
were
further blocked by poor maternal health, poor prenatal
care, and
frequent use of abortion as a means of birth control.
Belarus has
instituted a pronatal policy to counteract women's
reluctance to
have children, but difficult economic conditions and fear
of
birth defects caused by environmental pollution continue
to be
major causes of the decline in the birthrate.
Falling birthrates have also contributed to the graying
of
the population
(see
fig. 6). This will affect the country
in a
number of ways, including the allocation of funds from its
budget. With fewer workers supporting more pensioners, the
administration will be paying more in pensions than it
collects
in taxes.
The population's sex structure was most profoundly
affected
by World War II. The large loss of male lives during the
war
ensured not only that there would be a surplus of women,
but that
this surplus would persist for at least another
generation.
A law passed in September 1992 gave the entire
population of
Belarus an automatic right to citizenship. This included
all the
ethnic Russians (see Glossary)
who had moved there over
the
years, not the least of whom were military personnel,
officials,
and policy makers. However, many declined to acquire
Belarusian
citizenship, so that Belarus was sometimes represented or
administered by ethnic Russians who are residents, but not
citizens of Belarus, as, for example, by its diplomats
abroad.
In 1992 Belarus's largest cities were Minsk, the
capital,
with 1.7 million inhabitants; Homyel', with 517,000;
Vitsyebsk,
with 373,000; Mahilyow, with 364,000; Hrodna, with
291,000; and
Brest, with 284,000. The republic included more than 100
cities
and towns, twelve of which had a population of 100,000 or
more.
Of the total population, 68 percent lived in cities and 32
percent lived in rural areas in 1994. These figures
resemble
those for the former Soviet Union as a whole.
Data as of June 1995
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