Finland The Continuation War
Marshal Gustaf Mannerheim, 1941
Courtesy Embassy of Finland, Washington
The sudden admission of defeat by the Finnish
government
shocked the Finnish people, who had been misled by overly
optimistic government reports on the military situation;
however,
the resilience of democratic society helped the people to
absorb
defeat without undergoing radical change. Instead, the
Finns
threw themselves into two major tasks: absorbing the
400,000
refugees from the ceded territories, and rearming.
In the succeeding months, Soviet meddling in Finnish
affairs
and other overbearing actions indicated to the Finns a
continuing
Soviet desire to subjugate Finland. Among other actions,
the
Soviets demanded the demilitarization of the Aland Islands
(not
called for by the Peace of Moscow), control of the Petsamo
nickel
mines, and the expulsion of Vainö Tanner from the Finnish
government. More ominously, the Soviets demanded to send
an
unlimited number of troop trains through Finnish territory
to the
Soviet base at Hanko. Occurring at about the same time
that the
Soviets annexed the Baltic states in June and July 1940,
the
Finns began to fear that they would be next. When Soviet
foreign
minister Viacheslav Molotov visited Berlin later that
year, he
admitted privately to his German hosts that the Soviets
intended
to crush Finland. The Finnish-Soviet Peace and Friendship
Society
(Suomen-Neuvostoliiton rauhan ja ystavyyden seura--SNS), a
communist-front organization that quickly gained 35,000
Finnish
members, conducted subversive activities in open defiance
of the
Finnish government. The SNS was banned in August, thus
preserving
public order, but on other matters of concern to the
Soviets the
Finnish government was forced to make concessions. Unknown
to the
Soviets, however, the Finns had made an agreement with
Germany in
August 1940 that had stiffened their resolve.
Hitler soon saw the value of Finland as a staging base
for
his forthcoming invasion of the Soviet Union. The informal
German-Finnish agreement of August 1940 was formalized in
September, and it allowed Germany the right to send its
troops by
railroad through Finland, ostensibly to facilitate
Germany's
reinforcement of its forces in northern Norway. A further
GermanFinnish agreement in December 1940 led to the stationing
of
German troops in Finland, and in the coming months they
arrived
in increasing numbers. Although the Finnish people knew
only the
barest details of the agreements with Germany, they
approved
generally of the pro-German policy, and they were
virtually
unanimous in wanting to recover the ceded territories.
By the spring of 1941, the Finnish military had joined
the
German military in planning for the invasion of Russia. In
midJune the Finnish armed forces were mobilized. It was not
politically expedient for the Finnish government to appear
as the
aggressor, however, so Finland at first took no part in
the Nazi
invasion of the Soviet Union on June 22. Three days later,
Soviet
aerial attacks against Finland gave the Finnish government
the
pretext needed to open hostilities, and war was declared
on June
26. Finland thus appeared to be defending itself against
an act
of Soviet aggression, a posture that helped unite the
Finnish
people for the war effort.
The Finns called this conflict the Continuation War,
because
it was seen as a continuation of events that began with
the
Winter War. What began as a defensive strategy, designed
to
provide a German counterweight to Soviet pressure, ended
as an
offensive strategy, aimed at invading the Soviet Union.
The Finns
had been lured by the prospects of regaining their lost
territories and ridding themselves of the Soviet threat.
In July
1941, the Finnish army began a major offensive on the
Karelian
Isthmus and north of Lake Ladoga, and by the end of August
1941,
Finnish troops had reached the prewar boundaries. By
December
1941, the Finnish advance had reached the outskirts of
Leningrad
and the Svir River (which connects the southern ends of
Lake
Ladoga and Lake Onega). By the end of 1941, the front
became
stabilized, and the Finns did not conduct major offensive
operations for the following two and one-half years.
Finland's participation in the war brought major
benefits to
Germany. First, the Soviet fleet was blockaded in the Gulf
of
Finland, so that the Baltic was freed for training German
submarine crews as well as for German shipping activities,
especially the shipping of vital iron ore from northern
Sweden
and nickel from the Petsamo area. Second, the sixteen
Finnish
divisions tied down Soviet troops, put pressure on
Leningrad, and
cut one branch of the Murmansk Railroad. Third, Sweden was
further isolated and was forced to comply with German
wishes.
Despite Finland's contributions to the German cause,
the
Western Allies had ambivalent feelings, torn between their
residual goodwill for Finland and the need to support
their vital
ally, the Soviet Union. As a result, Britain declared war
against
Finland, but the United States did not; there were no
hostilities
between these countries and Finland. In the United States,
Finland was highly regarded, because it had continued to
make
payments on its World War I debt faithfully throughout the
interwar period. Finland also earned respect in the West
for its
refusal to allow the extension of Nazi anti-Semitic
practices in
Finland. Jews were not only tolerated in Finland, but
Jewish
refugees also were allowed asylum there. In a strange
paradox,
Finnish Jews fought in the Finnish army on the side of
Hitler.
Finland began to seek a way out of the war after the
disastrous German defeat at Stalingrad in January-February
1943.
Negotiations were conducted intermittently between Finland
on the
one side and the Western Allies and the Soviet Union on
the
other, from 1943 to 1944, but no agreement was reached. As
a
result, in June 1944 the Soviets opened a powerful
offensive
against Finnish positions on the Karelian Isthmus and in
the Lake
Ladoga area. On the second day of the offensive, the
Soviet
forces broke through Finnish lines, and in the succeeding
days
they made advances that appeared to threaten the survival
of
Finland. The Finns were equal to the crisis, however, and
with
some German assistance, halted the Russians in early July,
after
a retreat of about one hundred kilometers that brought
them to
approximately the 1940 boundary. Finland had been a
sideshow for
the Soviets, however, and they then turned their attention
to
Poland and to the Balkans. Although the Finnish front was
once
again stabilized, the Finns were exhausted, and they
needed
desperately to get out of the war. Finland's military
leader and
national hero, Gustaf Mannerheim, became president, and he
accepted responsibility for ending the war.
In September 1944, a preliminary peace agreement was
signed
in Moscow between the Soviet Union and Finland. Its major
terms
severely limited Finish sovereignty. The borders of 1940
were
reestablished, except for the Petsamo area, which was
ceded to
the Soviet Union. Finland was forced to expel all German
troops
from its territory. The Porkkala Peninsula (southwest of
Helsinki) was leased to the Soviets for fifty years, and
the
Soviets were given transit rights to it. Various rightist
organizations were abolished, including the Civil Guard,
Lotta
Svard, the Patriotic People's Movement, and the Academic
Karelia
Society. The Communist Party of Finland (Suomen
Kommunistinen
Puolue--SKP) was allowed legal status. The size of the
Finnish
armed forces was restricted. Finland agreed to pay
reparations to
the Soviet Union. Finland agreed to hold war crimes
trials.
Finally, an Allied Control Commission, which was dominated
by the
Soviets, was established to check Finland's adherence to
the
terms of the preliminary peace. This preliminary peace
treaty
remained in effect until 1947, when the final
Soviet-Finnish
peace treaty was signed. Although Finland had been
defeated for a
second time, it had managed to avoid occupation by the
Soviets.
Data as of December 1988
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