Haiti ARMED FORCES ORGANIZATION AND STRUCTURE
Figure 17. Organization of the Armed Forces, 1989
Source: Based on information from Règlements Généaux des Forces
Armées d'Haïiti, Port-au- Prince , 1987
Figure 18. Officer Ranks and Insignia, 1989
Figure 19. Enlisted Ranks and Insignia, 1989
A 1987 decree prescribed the structure and the
administration
of Haiti's armed forces, but the terms of the decree had
not been
fully implemented by 1989. The FAd'H served as the
military arm
of the Ministry of Interior and National Defense. This
arrangement blurred police and national-defense functions.
The
minister who holds the portfolio of interior and national
defense
has historically been viewed as the senior administrator
of the
cabinet and the government. The 1987 Constitution modified
this
structure by creating the post of prime minister during
the brief
presidency of Leslie Manigat
(see The Constitutional Framework
, ch.
9). (In most countries, the president and his prime
minister are
responsible for matters of national defense.)
Constitutional
reforms also called for a national police structure, tied
to a
strengthened Ministry of Justice. As of 1989, few of these
reforms had been implemented.
The 1987 Constitution and FAd'H regulations defined the
missions, the command structure, and the general
organization of
the armed forces. On paper, these details differed only
slightly
from the way the military had been structured prior to the
collapse of the Duvalier regime in 1986. In practice,
however,
the military was quite different from that outlined in the
Constitution. First, Haiti's political upheavals had
caused the
armed forces to assume the role of the decisive national
institution, although the upheavals also had overburdened
the
political organization and the operations of the FAd'H.
Second,
the unofficial remnants of the VSN continued to challenge
Haiti's
domestic security, requiring increased attention to
internal
security concerns over external defense considerations.
The commander of the FAd'H was appointed by the
president for
a renewable three-year term. An assistant commander acted
as
deputy
(see
fig. 17). The FAd'H had a central planning and
coordinating unit--as part of the office of the commander
in
chief--the head of which oversaw personnel, intelligence,
operations and training, and logistics. The organization
of the
FAd'H also provided for an inspector general of the armed
forces
and an adjutant general. A military attaché's office,
reporting
to the commander of the FAd'H, acted as liaison for
military
personnel at Haitian embassies and for attachés stationed
at
foreign missions. The FAd'H had undergone some
restructuring, but
some changes called for in 1987 had not been implemented
by mid-
1989.
Only the Metropolitan Military Region maintained a
significant tactical capability. The forces in this region
had a
direct impact on the viability of the government. The
strongest
of the region's units was the 1,300-member Presidential
Guard,
which was generally regarded as well-trained and
disciplined. The
Guard was essentially the president's security force. Many
members of the guard were stationed on the grounds of the
Presidential Palace. The second largest force was the
750-member
Dessalines Battalion, a conventional light-infantry unit
stationed at the Dessalines barracks located behind the
Presidential Palace (the battalion was disbanded after
battles
within the army in April 1989). Finally, there was the
700-member
Leopard Corps, a tactical unit created in the early 1970s
and
based at the outskirts of the capital in Pétionville. In
the
1980s, the Leopard Corps' police functions often
superseded its
counterinsurgency functions. The Leopards were disbanded
within a
month of the attempted coup of 1989.
The FAd'H controlled the Port-au-Prince police and the
prison
system, an arrangement that further blurred the boundaries
between law-enforcement and military institutions. The
Port-au-
Prince police force consisted of about 1,000 ill-trained
members.
This force was actually a low-level constabulary under
military
command. Portions of this force belonged to the armed
forces'
security-services command. Other parts were
organizationally
under the command of the Metropolitan Military Region. The
armed
forces administered the capital city's (and for all
practical
purposes, the nation's) fire fighters and the country's
immigration and narcotics-control programs.
About 8,000 personnel from military and police units
served
in Haiti's security services. In 1989 the services
included about
6,200 personnel in the FAd'H, about 1,000 in the police,
and
several hundred in specialized units.
Despite efforts by the United States Marine Corps to
modernize Haiti's military during the occupation
(1915-34), World
War II, and the 1960s, Haitian military training programs
continued to be flawed. The Military Academy at Frères
(near
Pétionville) was the senior school of instruction. The
academy's
student body averaged about sixty students during the
1980s.
François Duvalier had closed the academy in 1961, but his
son,
Jean-Claude, reopened it in 1972. Cadets had to be
nominated to
the academy. After a three-year course, academy graduates
became
career officers and many later held senior FAd'H posts. An
NCO
school and training camp at Lamentin (near Carrefour)
outside
Port-au-Prince was not operational as of 1989. Graduates
of this
school were directed toward mainstream army units, or even
rural
police duty. Training was normally accomplished at the
unit
level. Enlistment was theoretically voluntary. Article 268
of the
1987 Constitution requires all men to serve in the
military when
they reach their eighteenth birthday. Women in the
military were
limited to participating in the medical corps.
The Haitian armed forces had eight officer ranks in the
army;
six, in the air corps; and six, in the navy. For enlisted
personnel there were eight grades in the army; seven, in
the air
corps; and five, in the navy. The three categories of
uniform for
the Haitian armed forces were dress, duty (or garrison),
and
field. The army and the air corps dress uniform consisted
of a
blue shirt, a dark blue blouse and trousers, a blue belt,
black
shoes, and a dark blue cap with black visor. Their duty
uniform
included khaki shirt and trousers, tan belt, and brown or
black
shoes. Navy officers and enlisted personnel wore uniforms
identical to those of the United States Navy. The field
uniform
for the army, the navy, and the air corps was similar in
design,
color, and material to the United States Army fatigue
uniform.
Army and air corps officers wore their rank insignia on
shoulder boards. One to three gold chevrons indicated
company-
grade officers; field-grade officers displayed one to
three gold
stars; and general officers wore one to three silver
stars. Navy
insignia consisted of gold bands worn on shoulder boards
or on
the lower sleeve of the dress uniform. Enlisted personnel
wore
gold chevrons for the army, black chevrons for the navy,
and blue
chevrons for the air corps
(see
fig. 18;
fig. 19).
Of the three services that composed the FAd'H, the army
(with
6,200 members) was the largest and, for all practical
purposes,
the only relevant one. The marginal capabilities of the
navy and
the air corps were reflected in their limited weapons
systems,
low technical sophistication, and poor readiness. Although
the
army had the largest number of personnel, it also
generally
suffered from antiquated equipment and inefficient
procedures.
Because of the nation's desperate economic situation and
its
political turmoil, modernization of the army was unlikely
in the
late 1980s.
The Presidential Guard was the largest of the military
components based at Port-au-Prince. It consisted of four
companies that were reinforced in April 1989. The nine
regional
military departments operated principally as district
police. The
Port-au-Prince police, the prison guard company, and the
Port-au-
Prince fire brigade rounded out the forces assigned to the
capital.
The M1 Garand rifle, developed during World War II,
continued
to be the principal small arm of the Haitian military.
Small
quantities of the West German G3 and the American M16
rifles,
however, had been acquired to equip the elite units. The
Israeli-
made Uzi submachine gun had superseded the Thompson as the
principal light automatic. Infantry-support arms, used
only by
the Presidential Guard, included .30-caliber Browning
M1919 and
.50-caliber M2HB machine guns along with M18 57mm and M40
106mm
recoilless launchers and M2 60mm and M1 81mm mortars
(see table 14).
Few of the army's light tanks remained in serviceable
condition in 1989. The effective armored force therefore
consisted of V-150 Commando and M2 armored personnel
carriers.
The Presidential Guard operated all armored vehicles and
artillery pieces, some of which were totally obsolete.
There were
no separate armored or artillery units.
The navy in the late 1980s consisted of only the armed
tug
Henri Christophe, nine small patrol craft built in
the
United States between 1976 and 1981, and the old
presidential
yacht Sans Souci. This small force was manned by 45
officers and 280 enlisted personnel based at
Port-au-Prince.
All aircraft, a high proportion of which were
unserviceable,
were based at Bowen Field, Port-au-Prince (see
table 15,
Appendix
A). Air Corps personnel of all ranks totaled approximately
300.
Data as of December 1989
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