Hungary Religion and Religious Organizations
Mátyás Templom, Budapest
Courtesy Scott Edelman
Village church in Mindszentpuszta
Courtesy John Tarafas
Particularly during the early years of communist rule,
the
churches had faced extensive harassment and persecution by
the
regime. Many clergy had been openly hostile to the new
government
at its inception. The new secular authorities, for their
part,
denounced such attitudes as traitorous, and they
mistrusted the
churches as a source of opposition.
The most protracted case of tension and open conflict
involved the Roman Catholic Church. In 1945 the church
lost its
landed property in the first postwar land reform, which
occurred
before the communist takeover. Most Catholic religious
orders
(fifty-nine of a total of sixty-three groups) were
dissolved in
1948, when religious schools were also taken over by the
state.
Most Catholic associations and clubs, which numbered about
4,000,
were forced to disband. Imprisoned and prosecuted for
political
resistance to the communist regime were a number of
clergy, most
notably Cardinal Jozsef Mindszenty, primate of the
Catholic
Church in Hungary
(see Postwar Hungary
, ch. 1). In 1950
about
2,500 monks and nuns, about one-quarter of the total in
Hungary,
were deported. Authorities banned sixty-four of
sixty-eight
functioning religious newspapers and journals. Although in
1950
the Catholic Church accepted an agreement with the state
that
forced church officials to take a loyalty oath to the
Constitution, relations between the church and the state
remained
strained throughout the decade.
During the 1960s, the two sides gradually reached an
accommodation. In 1964 the state concluded a major
agreement with
the Vatican, the first of its kind involving a communist
state.
The document ratified certain episcopal appointments
already made
by the church, although it did not settle Mindszenty's
long-
standing case. As before, the agreement mandated that
certain
individuals in positions in the church were obliged to
take an
oath of allegiance to the Constitution and the laws of the
country. But this oath was to be binding only to the
extent that
the country's laws were not in opposition to the tenets of
the
Catholic faith. The church conceded the state's right to
approve
selection of high church officials. Under the agreement,
the
Hungarian Roman Catholic Church could staff its Papal
Institute
in Rome with priests endorsed by the government, and each
year
every diocese in the country would send a priest to Rome
to
attend the institute. For its part, the government
promised not
to interfere with the institute's work.
Following the agreement, many vacant church posts were
filled. Gradually, the organizational structure of the
church was
reestablished, and congregations became active again. The
church
began to take a role in the ceremonial life of the
country.
Relations between church and state warmed particularly
after
1974, when the Vatican removed Mindszenty from his office
(in
1971 Mindszenty had received permission to leave the
country
after spending many years in the American embassy in
Budapest,
where he had fled to escape detention by the authorities).
The
new primate, Cardinal Laszlo Lekai, who held office from
1976 to
1986, sponsored a policy of "small steps," through which
he
sought to reconcile differences between church and state
and
enhance relations between the two through "quiet, peaceful
dialogue." He urged Catholics to be loyal citizens of the
state
and simultaneously to seek personal and communal salvation
through the church.
Evidence suggests that a serious falling away from
religion
among Catholics (especially a drop in attendance at church
services) occurred only during the 1960s and 1970s,
ironically
during the period when the government no longer
energetically
persecuted the church. Some observers have suggested that
in the
1950s the church earned popularity as an anticommunist
institution because of widespread dissatisfaction with
material,
political, and cultural trends within the country. As
conditions
improved, the church no longer served as a focal point for
the
disaffected. Some Catholics, both lay and clerical, felt
that
Lekai, in his eagerness to smooth relations between church
and
state, went too far in compromising the church's position.
The Catholic Church of the 1980s had difficulty
providing
adequate services to all communities. Its clergymen were
aging
and decreasing in number. Whereas in 1950 the church had
had
3,583 priests and 11,538 monks and nuns, in 1986 it had
only
about 2,600 priests and a mere 250 monks and nuns. It was
clear
by this time, however, that the church was reaping
tangible
benefits from its relationship with the state. For
example, in
the 1980s the Catholic orders of the Benedictines, the
Franciscans, the Piarists, and Our Lady's School Sisters
were
again functioning in limited numbers. A new order of nuns,
the
Sisters of Our Lady of Hungary, received permission to
organize
in 1986. In the 1980s, the church had six seminaries for
training
priests and a theological academy in Budapest.
After the communist takeover, the historic Protestant
churches became even more thoroughly integrated into the
new
state system than did the Catholic Church. They were not a
source
of organized dissent. The Reformed (Calvinist), Unitarian,
and
the Lutheran churches all reached accommodation with the
government in the late 1940s (as did the small Greek
Orthodox and
the Jewish communities). These agreements guaranteed the
Protestants the right to worship and brought about some
financial
support (contingent after 1949 on the loyalty oath). Some
Protestant leaders praised the agreements as heralding a
new era
in which all religions would be treated equally. However,
a
number of Reformed clergy and followers became active
supporters
of the Revolution of 1956. After the Revolution failed,
many of
these people joined "free churches" (including the
Baptist,
Methodist, and Seventh-Day Adventist churches), which
functioned
apart from the historic Protestant churches.
In 1986, according to Western estimates, about 67.5
percent
of the population was Roman Catholic, 20 percent was
Reformed
(Calvinist), 5 percent was unaffiliated, and 5 percent was
Lutheran (its members were in particular the German and
Slovak
minorities but also included many ethnic Magyars). Other
Christian denominations included Uniates, Orthodox, and
various
small Protestant groups, such as Baptists, Methodists,
Seventh-
Day Adventists, and Mormons. Most of these smaller groups
were
affiliated with the national Council of Free Churches and
were
dubbed free churches as a group. The country also had
65,000 to
100,000 practicing Jews. The remainder of the population
did not
subscribe to any religious creed or organization. Nor was
any
single church or religion particularly associated with the
national identity in the popular mind, as was the Catholic
Church
in Poland.
Western observers concluded that although the country
possessed about 5 million practicing believers, religion
did not
provide a viable alternative value system that could
compete with
the predominant secularism and materialism promoted both
by the
government and by trends within an increasingly modern
society.
Thus, religion was unlikely to become a vehicle for
dissent as in
Poland or, in a more limited way, in the German Democratic
Republic (East Germany).
A noteworthy phenomenon of the early 1980s was the
appearance
of thousands of intensely active prayer and meditation
groups
within Catholic and Protestant congregations. Some of
these
groups came into conflict with the church hierarchies over
military service and other aspects of cooperation with the
government
(see Dissent and Freedom of Expression
, this
ch.).
The Constitution guarantees freedom of conscience and
religion. Until 1989, however, these guarantees were
severely
circumscribed by the State Office for Church Affairs,
which
regulated the activities of the churches. On June 15,
1989, the
government abolished this office. In its place, the
government
planned to establish a "National Church Council" that
would act
as a "consultative organization," not as an instrument for
the
control of the churches. In addition, the Ministry of
Culture
assumed responsibility for church affairs. Also in 1989,
the
government submitted for public debate new "Principles of
a Law
on Freedom of Conscience, the Right of Free Exercise of
Religion,
and Church Affairs." The document, prepared by
representatives of
the churches, banned discrimination against believers,
acknowledged the churches as legal entities, and
recognized their
equality before the law. Yet in the late 1980s, the
state's
financial support of all major churches continued to give
it
considerable leverage in influencing church affairs.
Between 1945 and 1986, religious communities erected or
repaired 306 Roman Catholic, 46 Calvinist (Reformed), 33
Lutheran, and 23 Uniate churches. Congregations of the
free
churches built 185 new structures, and the Jewish
community built
a new synagogue. The various denominations maintained
their own
modest publishing organs that produced newspapers,
periodicals,
and books. Occasionally, religious services were broadcast
over
radio. The various churches and denominations each
supported
(collectively, in the case of the free churches) at least
one
theological academy or college for the training of clergy.
However, the number of students was small; 75 students
graduated
out of a total of 648 students enrolled in such
institutions in
1987.
Data as of September 1989
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