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MongoliaTable A. Chronology of Important Events
Date
Event
3rd century B.C.
Iron weapons in use; Xiongnu invasion of China repulsed
2d-1st centuries B.C.
Nomads expand west; pressure on China continues
1st-2d centuries A.D.
Renewed attacks on China
A.D. 317
Xianbei conquer northern China
386-533
Period of Northern Wei Dynasty, established by the Toba in
northern China mid-8th century
Possible early Mongol links with Tibetan Buddhism
916-1125
Period of Kitan Liao Dynasty, established over eastern
Mongolia, Manchuria, and northern China
1038-1227
Tangut Western Xia Dynasty, established in northwestern
China
1115-1234
Jurchen establish Jin Dynasty in Manchuria, northern China
1139-47
Jurchen defeat Mongols in Pamirs
1196-1206
Temujin unites Mongols, assumes title of Chinggis Khan
1209-15
Mongols conquer south to Beijing, west to Lake Balkash
1220-26
Southwest Asia conquered; invasion of Europe and China
1227
Chinggis dies
1231
Korea invaded
1235
Capital rebuilt at Karakorum
1237-41
Expedition into Europe that was halted at Vienna with death
of Ogedei
1240-1480
Suzerainty over Russia established by Golden Horde (see Glossary)
Conquest of Song China
1260
Mongols defeated by Egyptian Mamluks
1261
Khubilai becomes great khan
1274 and 1281
Unsuccessful attempts at invasion of Japan
1279
Yuan Dynasty established in China
1368
Yuan Dynasty destroyed; Mongols driven back into Mongolia
1388
Chinese troops destroy Karakorum
1391
Timur defeats Golden Horde
1400-54
Civil war ends Mongol unity
1409-49
Renewed Mongol invasions of China
1466
Dayan Khan reunites most of Mongolia
1480-1502
Muscovites end Mongol control of Russia; last of Golden
Horde defeated
1571
Mongols end 300-year war with China
1586
Buddhism becomes state religion
1641-52
Russians defeat Buryat Mongols, gain control of Lake Baykal
region
1672
Mongols raid Siberia and Russia
1691
Most Khalkha Mongols accept suzerainty of Manchus, absorbed
into Chinese empire (Qing Dyansty 1644-1911)
1728
Sino-Russian Treaty of Kyakhta redefines traditional
Mongolian borders
1732
Dzungar Mongols defeated; Mongol independence ended
1750s
Chinese divide Mongolia into northern, Outer Mongolia (see Glossary),
and Southern, Inner Mongolia (see Glossary)
1783
Last reigning descendant of Chinggis in the Crimea deposed
by Russians
December 1, 1911
Outer Mongolia proclaims independence from China
December 28, 1911
Mongolia establishes autonomous theocratic government
November 3, 1912
Russia affirms Mongolia's separation from China
November 5, 1913
Sino-Russian agreement acknowledges Chinese suzerainty over
Mongolia
May 25, 1915
Treaty of Kyakhta formalizes Mongolian autonomy
September 1918
Chinese troops occupy Outer Mongolia
March-June 1920
Mongolian People's Party formed, establishes links with
Communist International (see Glossary) and Soviets
October 1920
Russian White Guards invade Mongolia
March 1-3, 1921
First National Party Congress of the Mongolian People's
Party held in Kyakhta, Soviet Union
March 13, 1921
Mongolian People's Provisional Government formed
July 1921
Mongolian-Soviet army drives out White Guards
July 11, 1921
Mongolian People's Government, a limited monarchy,
proclaimed
September 14, 1921
Mongolian independence proclaimed
November 5, 1921
Soviets recognize Mongolian People's Government
February 22, 1923
Revolutionary hero Damdiny Sukhe Batar dies
May 31, 1924
Sino-Soviet treaty recognizes Chinese sovereignty over
Mongolia
August 1924
Mongolian People's Party becomes Mongolian People's
Revolutionary Party
November 6, 1924
First National Great Hural convenes
November 25, 1924
Mongolian People's Republic proclaimed; Soviet style state
constitution adopted; Niyslel Huree renamed Ulaanbaatar
March 1925
Soviet troops ostensibly withdraw
September 1927
Inner-party struggle at Sixth Party Congress
December 1928
Horloyn Choybalsan emerges as party leader
1929-32
Feudal estates confiscated; religious communities
suppressed
April-May 1932
Soviet troops help quell rebellions; party repudiates
extremism
November 27, 1934
Mongolian-Soviet "gentlemen's agreement" allows Soviet
troops into Mongolia
March 12, 1936
Treaty and mutual defense protocol signed with Soviet Union
1937-39
High-level government purges
1938
Buddhist monasteries closed
1939
Choybalsan emerges as undisputed leader
July-August 1939
Mongolian-Soviet joint force defeats Japanese at Khalkhyn
Gol
March-April 1940
Yumjaagiyn Tsedenbal becomes party general secretary
August 10, 1945
Mongolia declares war on Japan
January 5, 1946
China recognizes Mongolia's independence
February 27, 1946
Treaty of Friendship and Mutual Assistance and Agreement on
Economic and Cultural Cooperation signed with Soviet Union
February 1949
Ninth National Great Hural, first since 1940, convenes
January 26, 1952
Choybalsan dies
May 1952
Tsedenbal becomes premier
December 1952
Economic and cultural cooperation agreement signed with
China
April 1956
"Personality cult" of Choybalsan condemned
October 1956
New collective efforts start
July 6, 1960
New state Constitution adopted
October 27, 1961
Mongolia admitted to United Nations
January 1962
Choybalsan's "personality cult" again condemned
June 7, 1962
Mongolia joins Council for Mutual Economic Assistance
(Comecon--see Glossary)
1966
Serious Mongolian-Chinese differences emerge
June 1974
Jambyn Batmonh becomes chairman of Council of Ministers;
Tsedenbal becomes chairman of the Presidium of the People's
Great Hural and continues as party first secretary
August 23, 1984
Tsedenbal retires; Batmonh becomes party general secretary
December 12, 1984
Batmonh elected chairman of Presidium of People's Great
Hural; Dumaagiyn Sodnom becomes premier
April 1986
Long-term trade agreement signed with China
January 15, 1987
Soviet Union announces intention to withdraw one of five
Soviet divisions stationed in Mongolia
January 27, 1987
Diplomatic relations established with the United States
November 28, 1988
Treaty on a border control system signed with China
March 7, 1989
Soviets announced that troop withdrawal plans had been
finalized
Data as of June 1989
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