NepalNEPAL: The Society and Its Environment
Hanuman, the monkey god of the Ramayana, the Hindu
epic. Hanuman, aided by monkeys, assists Rama in recovering his wife, Sita,
from Ravana by bridging the straits between India and Sri Lanka with
boulders brought from the Himalayas.
NEPAL IS OFTEN CHARACTERIZED as a country caught in two
different worlds, having one leg in the sixteenth century
and
another in the twentieth century. Entrenched in a
feudalistic
social structure, the deeply tradition-bound society
increasingly
was experiencing the pervasive influence of Western
material
culture. Most affected were the parts of the population
that came
in regular contact with Westerners. Nowhere was this
juxtaposition
of local traditional values and Western material culture
more
pronounced than in the Kathmandu Valley--the country's
most
urbanized region.
In the Kathmandu Valley in 1991, hordes of people took
ritual
baths in the highly polluted Baghmati River, especially
near the
temple of Pashupatinath, and walked to temples that dotted
the
valley's landscape. Numerous peasants carried their
produce to the
market on bicycles or on what is locally called a
kharpan,
a device that resembles a large weighing balance and is
carried on
the shoulder. Yet, young boys wore T-shirts emblazoned
with Michael
Jackson or other Hollywood celebrities and watched "Miami
Vice" or
other American television shows. The skyline of urban
areas such as
Kathmandu, Siddhartha Nagar, and Pokhara was interrupted
by
television antennas. Copying Western popular culture and
values had
become the thing to do. Nepalese youth even took drugs,
and the
number of drug addicts had increased significantly in the
1980s.
The adoption of Western popular cultural values has
not,
however, translated into much-needed technological and
economic
progress and a consequent reduction in pervasive poverty.
Although
youths, especially those living in and around urban
centers,
readily adopted Western consumer habits, they appeared to
have
little knowledge about more productive habits that the
West
exemplifies. Entranced by the tide of consumerism,
Nepalese youths
seemed poorly prepared or unwilling to do hard work and
make
sacrifices that were imperative for establishing dynamic
economic
production and development. As a result, consumerism
outpaced
productive capacity--a process that was clearly contrary
to
sustained socioeconomic progress--and the country remained
in a
state of economic backwardness.
Despite Nepal's increasing contact with the West since
liberation from Rana rule in 1951, the feudalistic yoke
has not
been broken
(see
Modernization under King Mahendra
, ch.
1). Even
after thirty-five years of economic development planning,
poverty
remained throughout the country. Government intervention
in
economic development under the rubric of planning has led
to a
breakdown in the traditional patron-client relations. In
the past,
this relationship provided some security of survival--or
what Karl
Polyani termed in 1957 "the absence of the threat of
individual
starvation"--for the clients, although they were placed in
a
subservient position. In 1991 such patron-client relations
had been
replaced by wage relations, but planned development had
not been
able to create enough employment opportunities to
gainfully absorb
the clients who no longer could rely on their patrons.
There was no doubt among observers that only an
increasing flow
of foreign aid and loans had kept Nepal from bankruptcy.
Yet there
seemed to be little evidence suggesting that the aid had,
despite
good intentions, alleviated mass poverty and uplifted the
society
as a whole. Unemployment among the educated was partially
addressed
through the continued expansion of government jobs, but
such
expansion resulted in bureaucratic redundancy and, in
fact,
hindered economic development. Furthermore, such a
strategy had
only a limited ability to reduce the mass unemployment and
underemployment that typified Nepal's society. Widespread
unemployment and underemployment, which fueled poverty,
further
were exacerbated by continued rapid population growth.
Despite a
long-term and vigorous family planning program, the
population had
been growing at an increasing rate. Such population growth
contributed to increasing environmental deterioration,
given the
frailty of the country's mountainous environment.
Data as of September 1991
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