Oman The Al Said Dynasty
Figure 15. Oman: Government Structure, 1992
Members of the Al Said family have historically played
a
central role in the state apparatus, not only because of
hereditary succession to the sultanate but also because
much of
the ruler's bureaucracy has consisted of his relatives.
Before
1932 there was an implicit division between Muscat and
Oman, with
the ruler rarely able to extend his authority over the
whole
geographical area of Oman. Not only was the interior
outside his
sphere of influence, but frequently the ruler could not
exercise
authority over the Al Batinah coast. Relatives often
controlled
towns such as Suhar and Ar Rustaq autonomously, creating
individual fiefdoms.
By the time Sultan Said ibn Taimur assumed power in
1932,
these independent power centers had disappeared. This
coincided
with an increasing role of family members in the
administration
of the state. This nepotism has been practiced since the
nineteenth century when members of the Al Said served in
such
positions as representative (wakil), deputy
(wazir), governor (wali), field general, and
council minister. Yet, the practice was not without its
risks,
and often rulers were sensitive to the potential for
relatives to
become contenders for power. Sultan Said ibn Taimur
recognized
the risk his half-brothers Tariq ibn Taimur Al Said and
Fahar ibn
Taimur Al Said and his son Qabus ibn Said presented, and
he
delegated only minor responsibilities, if any, to Qabus.
Sultan Qabus ibn Said has similarly incorporated
members of
the Al Said family into the state apparatus, particularly
in
sensitive ministerial positions. The sultan reserved major
ministerial positions for himself--in 1993 he held the
posts of
prime minister, minister of defense, minister of finance,
and
minister of foreign affairs--although the functions of the
prime
minister were often entrusted to the minister of state for
foreign affairs. In the 1993 cabinet, two members of the
Al Said
served as deputy prime ministers: Fahar ibn Taimur Al Said
for
security and defense and Fahd ibn Mahmud Al Said for legal
affairs; Faisal ibn Ali Al Said served as minister of
national
heritage and culture. The Al Said also controlled the
Ministry of
Interior, the governorship of Muscat, and the governorship
of
Dhofar. Sultan Qabus ibn Said's cousin, Thuwaini ibn
Shihab Al
Said, was the sultan's special personal representative,
and some
considered him the most likely candidate to succeed Qabus
ibn
Said. Shabib ibn Taimur Al Said, Qabus ibn Said's uncle,
assumed
the role of special adviser to the sultan for
environmental
affairs
(see
fig. 15).
Despite his progressive rule on some fronts, Sultan
Qabus ibn
Said has been slow to delegate real political authority.
One of
his first acts as sultan was to return his father's
half-brother,
Tariq ibn Taimur, from exile in West Germany and appoint
him
prime minister. Tariq ibn Taimur was educated in West
Germany,
married a German national, and had extensive experience
working
in the Middle East as the representative of a construction
firm.
He had been an outspoken critic of Sultan Said ibn
Taimur's rule,
when forced into exile in 1958.
Tariq ibn Taimur formed his first cabinet on August 16,
1970,
and brought the notion of political reform. He supported
the
establishment of a constitutional monarchy and
parliamentary
system and as a result came into direct conflict with
Sultan
Qabus ibn Said, who preferred the status quo, with real
power
remaining in the office of the sultan. As of 1993, power
remained
centralized with the Al Said, and, although departing from
his
father's contention that to maintain the ruler's power the
people
must remain uneducated, real decision making remained the
exclusive privilege of a narrow-based elite that the Al
Said
dominated.
The centralization of power with the sultan and the
absence
of a mechanism for succession left speculation open
concerning
Oman after Qabus ibn Said. Qabus ibn Said has no heir,
although
he was married briefly in 1976 to Tariq ibn Taimur's
daughter.
The Al Said family is small, numbering fewer than 100 male
members. Since the death in 1980 of Tariq ibn Taimur, no
individual within the ruling family has distinguished
himself or
demonstrated any exceptional ability to rule. Likely
candidates
to succeed Qabus ibn Said include his two uncles, Fahar
ibn
Taimur and Shabib ibn Taimur; three cousins, Thuwaini ibn
Shibab,
Fahd ibn Mahmud, and Faisal ibn Ali; and, among the junior
princes, Haitham ibn Tariq Al Said, son of Oman's former
prime
minister. The issue of succession is sensitive, and, in
the
absence of a designated crown prince, the door is open for
political struggle.
Data as of January 1993
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