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Pakistan
Muslim League
The Muslim League was founded in 1906 as the All-India Muslim
League to protect the interests of Muslims in British India and
to counter the political growth of the Indian National Congress,
founded in 1885. Under the leadership of Mohammad Ali Jinnah,
the Muslim League adopted the Lahore Resolution (often referred
to as the "Pakistan Resolution") in March 1940 and successfully
spearheaded the movement for the creation of an independent homeland
for Indian Muslims. At independence the Muslim League was the
only major party in Pakistan and claimed the allegiance of almost
every Muslim in the country. However, with the deaths of its two
principal leaders, Jinnah and Liaquat Ali Khan, shortly after
independence and its central goal of creating Pakistan achieved,
the party failed to develop a coherent, postindependence ideology.
The Muslim League gradually came under the influence of West Pakistani,
and particularly Punjabi, landlords and bureaucrats more concerned
with increasing their personal influence than with building a
strong national organization.
The Muslim League was further weakened by the constitutional
impasse in the 1950s resulting from difficulties in resolving
questions of regional representation as well as the problem of
reaching a consensus on Islamic issues. Regional loyalties were
intensified during the constitutional debates over the respective
political representation of the country's west and east wings.
In addition, East Pakistan had a larger Hindu population, and
some strong provincial leaders believed their power depended on
developing broad-based secular institutions. The Muslim League,
however, pressed for provisions to establish Pakistan as an Islamic
state.
Two powerful Bengali leaders and former Muslim League members,
Hussain Shahid Suhrawardy and Fazlul Haq, used their own parties,
the Awami League and the Krishak Sramik Party (Workers and Peasants),
respectively, in a joint effort in 1954 to defeat the Muslim League
in the first election held in East Pakistan after partition. Fazlul
Haq had made the motion to adopt the historic "Pakistan Resolution"
in 1940, and Suhrawardy, subsequently the last chief minister
of undivided Bengal, had seconded it. But both men were alienated
by West Pakistani domination of the Muslim League. Suhrawardy
was elected leader of the opposition in the second Constituent
Assembly and in 1956 was appointed prime minister, a further loss
for the Muslim League because he was the first non-Muslim League
politician to hold this position. By this time, the Muslim League
had lost its influence in both East Pakistan and West Pakistan,
having also lost its majority in the West Pakistan Legislative
Assembly to the Punjab-centered Republican Party. The promulgation
of martial law in 1958 and the dissolution of all political parties
finally resulted in the demise of the Muslim League after its
fifty-two- year existence.
General Ayub Khan formed a party called the Pakistan Muslim League
(PML) in 1962, and Junejo established a party with the same name
(PML-J) in 1986, but these two parties had little in common with
the 1906-58 Muslim League in terms of their objectives and composition.
After Junejo died in March 1993, Mian Nawaz Sharif took over the
party and it became the Pakistan Muslim League (PML-N) for Nawaz
Sharif. The death of Junejo signified the end to an uneasy coalition
that had existed between the feudal lobby under Junejo and the
representatives of the new industrialist classes who, under the
guidance of Nawaz Sharif, were running the Islamic Democratic
Alliance (Islami Jamhoori Ittehad--IJI) government of 1990-93.
Data as of April 1994
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