South Korea Health Care and Social Welfare
Figure 8. Increase in Licensed Health Care Personnel,
Selected Years, 1955-85
Source: Based on information from Edward S. Mason et al., The
Economic and Social Modernization of the Republic of Korea,
Cambridge, 1980, 402, 404; and The Statesman's Yearbook, 1988-89,
New York, 1988, 775.
The traditional practice of medicine in Korea was influenced
primarily, though not exclusively, by China. Over the centuries,
Koreans had used acupuncture and herbal remedies to treat a wide
variety of illnesses. Large compilations of herbal and other
prescriptions were published during the Choson Dynasty: the 85-
volume Hyangyak chipsongbang (Great Collection of Korean
Prescriptions) published in 1433 and the 365-volume Uibang
yuch'wi (Great Collection of Medicines and Prescriptions)
published in 1445. Shops selling traditional medicines, including
ginseng, a root plant believed to have strong medicinal and
aphrodisiac qualities, still were common in the 1980s. Because of
the expense of modern medical care, people still had to rely
largely on such remedies to treat serious illnesses until the
1980s--particularly in rural areas.
The number of physicians, nurses, dentists, pharmacists, and
other health personnel and the number of hospitals and clinics
have increased dramatically since the Korean War
(see
fig. 8). In
1974 the population per physician was 2,207; by 1983 this number
had declined to 1,509. During the same period, the number of
general hospitals grew from 36 to 156 and the number of hospital
beds tripled from 19,062 to 59,099. Most facilities, however,
tended to be concentrated in urban areas, particularly in Seoul
and Pusan. Rural areas had limited medical facilities, because in
the past there was little incentive for physicians to work in
areas outside the cities, where the major of the people could not
pay for treatment. Several private rural hospitals had been
established with government encouragement but had gone bankrupt
in the late 1980s. The extension of medical insurance programs to
the rural populace, however, was expected to alleviate this
problem to some extent during the 1990s.
The South Korean government committed itself to making
medical security (medical insurance and medical aid) available to
virtually the entire population by 1991. There was no unified
national health insurance system, but the Ministry of Health and
Social Affairs coordinated its efforts with those of employers
and private insurance firms to achieve this goal. Two programs
were established in 1977: the Free and Subsidized Medical Aid
Program for people whose income was below a certain level, and a
medical insurance program that provided coverage for individuals
and their immediate families working in enterprises of 500 people
or more. Expenses were shared equally by employers and workers.
In 1979 coverage was expanded to enterprises comprising 300 or
more people, as well as to civil servants and teachers in private
schools. In 1981 coverage was extended to enterprises employing
100 or more people and in 1984 to firms with as few as 16
employees. In that year, 16.7 million persons, or 41.3 percent of
the population, had medical insurance. By 1988 the government had
expanded medical insurance coverage in rural areas to almost 7.5
million people. As of the end of 1988, approximately 33.1 million
people, or almost 79 percent of the population, received medical
insurance benefits. At that time, the number of those not
receiving medical insurance benefits totaled almost 9 million
people, mostly independent small business owners in urban areas.
In July 1989, however, Seoul extended medical insurance to cover
these self-employed urbanites, so that the medical insurance
system extended to almost all South Koreans. Differences in
insurance premiums among small business owners, government
officials and teachers, people in farming and fishing areas, and
those employed by business firms remained a divisive and
unresolved issue.
Medical insurance programs for farming and fishing
communities, where the majority of people were self-employed or
worked for very small enterprises, also were initiated by the
government. In 1981 three rural communities were selected as
experimental sites for implementation of a comprehensive medical
insurance program. Three more areas, including Mokp'o in South
Cholla Province, were added in 1982. Industrial injury
compensation schemes were begun in the early 1960s and by 1982
covered 3.5 million workers in most major industries.
During the 1980s, government pension or social security
insurance programs covered designated groups, such as civil
servants, military personnel, and teachers. Private employers had
their own schemes to which they and workers both contributed.
Government planners envisioned a public and private system of
pensions covering the entire population by the early 1990s. In
the wake of rapid economic growth, large sums have been allocated
for social development programs in the national budget. In FY
(fiscal year--see Glossary)
1990, total spending in this area
increased 40 percent over the previous year. Observers noted,
however, that serious deficiencies existed in programs to assist
the handicapped, single-parent families, and the unemployed.
* * *
A New History of Korea by Ki-baik Lee provides ample
coverage of social developments during the Three Kingdoms, Silla,
Koryo, and Choson Dynasty periods and during the Japanese
colonial occupation. James B. Palais's Politics and Policy in
Traditional Korea gives a succinct overview of Choson Dynasty
social structure. Michael C. Kalton's translation and commentary
on Yi T'oe-gye's The Ten Diagrams on Sage Learning
contains a valuable discussion not only of the career of Korea's
most noted Confucian scholar, but also of the philosophical and
ethical fundamentals of neo-Confucian orthodoxy. Donald N.
Clark's Christianity in Modern Korea provides excellent
coverage of Christianity in contemporary Korea.
Vincent S.R. Brandt's A Korean Village and Han SangBok 's Korean Fishermen remain among the best descriptions
of rural Korean life during the mid-1960s. Although published in
1971, Lee Hyo-jae et al.'s "Life in Urban Korea" remains
informative. Korean family and kinship organizations are
described exhaustively by Lee Kwang-Kyu in his two-volume
Kinship System in Korea.
Virtues in Conflict, a collection of essays edited by
Sandra Matielli, and Kim Yung-chung's Women of Korea
discuss women's roles in Korean society. Female shamans are
discussed in Kim Harvey Youngsook's Six Korean Women and
Laurel Kendall's The Life and Hard Times of a Korean
Shaman. Kim Chin-wu's The Making of the Korean
Language provides an informative account of that subject.
Interesting discussions of South Korea's changing social
classes are contained in David I. Steinberg's The Republic of
Korea, and in Kim Kyong-Dong's "Social Change and Societal
Developments in Korea since 1945." Though its 1980 publication
date precludes discussion of the major changes that have occurred
since that year, Education and Development in Korea by
Noel F. McGinn et al. provides excellent background on this
important subject. Recent developments are covered in some depth
by publications such as the Far Eastern Economic Review,
whose weekly "Arts and Society" section deals extensively with
education and other social matters. Other periodicals containing
discussions of South Korean society, education, and cultural
expression include Korea Journal, the Social Science
Journal, published in Seoul, and Korean Studies,
published by the University of Hawaii. (For further information
and complete citations,
see
Bibliography.)
Data as of June 1990
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