Uruguay ARMED FORCES ORGANIZATION, TRAINING, AND EQUIPMENT
Figure 10. Officer Ranks and Insignia, 1990
Figure 11. Enlisted Ranks and insignia, 1990
Under the constitution, the president was commander in
chief
of the armed forces and exercised administrative control
over the
three services through the Ministry of National Defense.
In
practice, operational control passed through the service
commanders, who were appointed by the president. There was
a
nominal chief of the joint staff but no substantive joint
staff
organization. In 1990 the defense minister was a former
law
professor who had been active in the transition to
democracy.
Assistants from each of the three services were assigned
to the
minister.
During the 1973-85 period, first the military
government's
Council of State and then the Council of the Nation passed
several laws that limited the president's military
control.
Principal among these was the February 1974 decree that
served as
an organic law for the armed forces. Under this law, the
commanders of the three services were chosen by a board of
generals from each respective service. During the 1984-85
transition to civilian rule, the appointment procedure was
amended so that the boards of generals chose candidates
from
which the president then appointed service chiefs of
staff. In
1986 the reestablished General Assembly returned the power
of
direct appointment of the service commanders to the
president.
In 1987 the General Assembly passed a new organic law
for the
armed forces that established that the "basic duty of the
armed
forces is to defend the honor, independence, and the peace
of the
republic, its territorial integrity, its Constitution, and
its
laws." The law explicitly stated that the armed forces
should
always act under the supreme command of the president and
the
minister of national defense in keeping with
constitutional
measures currently in force. Training practices were
modified to
include courses for military cadets on the proper role of
the
military in a democracy. The length a service commander
could
serve was cut from eight to five years, and service
commanders
were required to retire when the term of service expired.
As of
1990, the government and the armed forces appeared to be
adhering
to all provisions of the law.
The Ministry of National Defense was responsible for
the
administration of military training, health,
communications, and
construction, and it supervised the military retirement
and
pension system. The ministry supervised the triservice
Military
Institute for Advanced Studies, which served as a national
war
college to train senior officers. Also under the ministry
was the
General Directorate of Defense Information (Dirección
General de
Información de Defensa--DGID). As reorganized by the
executive
branch in 1989, the DGID was a triservice agency that
coordinated
and planned all operations of the three separate military
intelligence services. Traditionally, the army's
intelligence
branch was the most powerful of the military intelligence
services.
The country was divided into four military regions.
Military
Region I, headquartered at Montevideo, had responsibility
for the
national capital and the departments of Montevideo and
Canelones
(see
fig. 1). Military Region II, headquartered at San
José,
included the departments of Colonia, Durazno, Flores,
Florida,
San José, and Soriano. Military Region III, headquartered
at Paso
de los Toros, comprised the departments of Artigas,
Paysandú, Río
Negro, Rivera, Salto, and Tacuarembó. Military Region IV,
headquartered at Maldonado, included the departments of
Cerro
Largo, Lavalleja, Maldonado, Rocha, and Treinta y Tres.
Uruguay had cordial foreign military relations with
both
Argentina and Brazil, as well as with the United States.
During
the 1980s, armed forces personnel represented the nation
in
foreign peacekeeping activities in Cambodia, on the
AngolaNamibia border, in the Sinai, and on the Iran-Iraq border.
Uruguay was a member of the Inter-American Defense Board
(IADB),
which maintained a headquarters and staff in Washington
and acted
as a military advisory group to the Organization of
American
States (OAS), of which Uruguay was also a member.
Uruguay had a long history of military cooperation with
neighboring countries. It joined with twenty other Latin
American
nations and the United States in 1945 to sign the Act of
Chapultepec, in which each agreed to consult on any
aggression
against a cosignatory. Uruguay was also a signatory to the
1947
Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance (Rio
Treaty), in
which the United States and Latin American and Caribbean
countries committed themselves to working toward the
peaceful
settlement of disputes and collective self-defense in the
Americas. Uruguay also was a signatory to the 1967 Treaty
for the
Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America
(Tlatelolco
Treaty) and the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear
Weapons. Uruguay also accepted the Biological Weapons
Convention,
which prohibits the development, production, or
stockpiling of
such weapons.
Data as of December 1990
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