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Yugoslavia NATIONAL SECURITY
Armed Forces: Yugoslav People's Army (YPA) included
army, air force, and navy, administered in four military regions.
In mid-1990 army numbered 140,000 active-duty personnel (of which
90,000 conscripts); air force, 32,000 (4,000 conscripts); and
navy, 10,000 (4,400 conscripts, 900 marines). Estimated 450,000
reservists available in wartime. Paramilitary Territorial Defense
Forces (TDF) numbered 1 million to 3 million in 1990; 860,000 in
regular training. TDF largely funded by and under peacetime
control of republic governments; designated to fight either
independently or under YPA command during an invasion.
Major Military Units: Major force structure change in
army in 1990. Thirty brigades formed, including tank, mechanized,
mountain infantry, and one airborne brigade. Naval submarines,
corvettes, and frigates centered in Adriatic Fleet, administered
from Split; smaller craft in both river and Adriatic commands;
main mission Adriatic coastal defense. Air force operated over
400 combat aircraft (in twelve combat squadrons) and 200
helicopters. Main missions of air force to maintain air
superiority over Yugoslavia and to support ground and naval
operations. Substantial reliance on imported heavy military
equipment; most aircraft and naval vessels manufactured
domestically. Strong effort to expand domestic arms industry in
1980s.
Military Budget: In 1989 defense expenditures listed as
equivalent of over US$4.4 billion, nearly 7 percent of GNP.
Internal Security Forces: State Security Service (an
intelligence and secret police organization) monitored émigrés
and domestic dissidents. People's Militia troops (15,000) used to
quell domestic disorders beyond control of regular police.
Militia (regular police, 40,000) used for routine law
enforcement.
Data as of December 1990
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