Egypt Nasser's Legacy
Archaeological expedition of American Museum of Natural History, 1908
Courtesy American Museum of Natural History
When news of Nasser's death was announced, Egyptians took to
the streets by the tens of thousands to express shock and grief
at the death of their leader. In spite of the doubts that many
Egyptians may have felt about the path on which Nasser had taken
Egypt, the sense of loss was overwhelming, and there was great
uncertainty about the future. It has been argued that Nasser's
rule was not a great success; that there were almost as many
landless peasants in 1970 as when the Free Officers took over in
1952 because it was the wealthier peasants who had profited and
still controlled the villages; that the army had done no better
in 1967 after fifteen years of the revolution than it had done in
1948 or 1956; that nationalization had caused inefficiency and
corruption; and, finally, that repression was so pervasive that
Egyptians were less free than they had been in the past.
It was under Nasser that Egypt finally succeeded in ridding
itself of the last vestiges of British imperialism; that Egypt
attempted to steer a middle course between the Western countries
and the Soviet Union and its allies and in so doing became a
founder of the Nonaligned Movement that exists to this day; that
Egypt moved out of the isolation the British had imposed on the
country and assumed a leadership position in the Arab world; and
that Egypt became the "beating heart" of pan-Arabism and the
symbol of renewed Arab pride.
Internally, Nasser destroyed the political and economic power
of the old feudal landowning class. Education and employment
opportunities were made available to all Egyptians regardless of
class or sex. Women were encouraged to get an education and go to
work as part of the national struggle for economic progress and
development. After the revolution, women were at last granted the
right to vote. Nasser emphasized social programs to improve the
living and working conditions of the peasants and workers, such
as the electrification of villages, worker housing, minimum wage
laws, decreased working hours, and worker participation in
management. Industrialization intensified, and the country became
less dependent on the export of cotton. The economy grew at
acceptable rates in spite of some problems. After the June 1967
War, however, the military expenditures began to absorb about 25
percent of Egypt's gross national product
(GNP--see Glossary).
Also, the population increase that had begun in the 1940s began
to overtake the economic advances.
It is true that Nasser never really opened up his rule to
popular participation. He once admitted that he had become so
used to conspiracy, by necessity, that he tended to see a
conspiracy in everything, a view that prevented him from
conducting an open rule. He wanted to establish a basis of
support for his regime but one that would not require the regime
to give significant power to the public
(see The Presidency
, ch.
4). He felt that an ideology such as socialism might accomplish
this, but at the same time he feared that the commitment would be
to the ideology and not to him. Thus, when Nasser died in 1970 he
left behind an imperfect and unfinished revolution.
Data as of December 1990
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