Hungary Government and Politics
A small-town judge, 1916
THE POLITICAL SYSTEM of the Hungarian People's Republic,
like
others in Eastern Europe, drew heavily upon a model first
established in the Soviet Union. The leading political
institution in the state was the ruling communist party,
in this
case the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party. This
monolithic,
centralized party determined the basic economic,
political, and
social policies for the country as a whole, and the
government
implemented the party's decisions.
The Constitution, ratified in 1949 and amended
considerably
in 1972, grants political and economic rights to the
people,
prescribes civic duties, and establishes the institutions
of
government. According to the Constitution, the National
Assembly
(the parliament) holds supreme authority in the state. In
fact,
the Presidential Council, a standing body of the National
Assembly that combines legislative and executive
functions,
assumes most of the duties of the National Assembly and
those of
a chief of state. The National Assembly, however, does
provide a
vehicle for expanded political participation. A 1983
amendment to
the Constitution mandated multicandidate elections for
most seats
in the National Assembly. The Council of Ministers--the
executive
arm of the government--had primary responsibility for the
economy. Within the party, the rank-and-file members had
virtually no influence over decision making. The permanent
party
bureaucracy, headed by the Politburo and administered by
the
Secretariat, exercised supreme power within the party.
These
organs made policy for the party, enforced discipline, and
regulated admissions. Middle-level organs managed policy
on the
county and district levels. Basic Organizations--on the
lowest
rung of the party hierarchy--carried out party activities
in
economic enterprises. The Patriotic People's Front served
under
the auspices of the party; this mass organization involved
the
citizenry in carrying out decisions made by the party. The
mass
media also served as instruments to generate popular
support for
the party's policies.
In May 1988, Karoly Grosz succeeded Janos Kadar as
general
secretary of the party. Kadar had been leader of the party
since
the Soviet invasion of 1956. Mounting economic problems
and
general dissatisfaction with the pace of political reform
led to
the ouster of Kadar at the party's Third Party Conference.
Hungary's foreign policy positions generally coincided
with
those of the Soviet Union. Since 1986 these countries have
supported each other's reform efforts. Nevertheless,
Hungary
displeased the Soviet Union with its efforts to establish
an
independent role for small- and medium-sized states in
international affairs and to obtain Western economic
assistance
to help modernize its economy. Discord also emerged
between
Hungary and Romania--ostensibly another fraternal
ally--over the
latter's oppression of its Hungarian minority.
Data as of September 1989
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