Nicaragua ARMED FORCES AFTER 1990
Figure 13. Organization of Armed Forces, 1993
Figure 14. Military Ranks and Insignia, 1993
Sandinista People's Army truck in Villa Nueva
Under an agreement between President-elect Chamorro of
the
National Opposition Union (Unión Nacional Opositora--UNO)
and the
defeated FSLN party, General Humberto Ortega, former
defense
minister and commander in chief of the EPS under the
Sandinistas,
remained at the head of the armed forces. By a law that
took
effect in April 1990, the EPS became subordinate to
President
Chamorro as commander in chief. Chamorro also retained the
Ministry of Defense portfolio. Chamorro's authority over
the EPS
was, however, very limited. There were no Ministry of
Defense
offices and no vice ministers to shape national defense
policies
or exercise civilian control over the armed forces. Under
the Law
of Military Organization of the Sandinista Popular Army
enacted
just before Chamorro's election victory, Humberto Ortega
retained
authority over promotions, military construction, and
force
deployments. He contracted for weapons procurement and
drafted
the military budget presented to the government. Only an
overall
budget had to be submitted to the legislature, thus
avoiding a
line-item review by the National Assembly.
Sandinista officers remained at the head of all general
staff
directorates and military regions. The chief of the army,
Major
General Joaquín Cuadra Lacayo, continued in his
pre-Chamorro
position. Facing domestic pressure to remove Humberto
Ortega and
the risk of curtailment of United States aid as long as
Sandinistas remained in control of the armed forces,
Chamorro
announced that Ortega would be replaced in 1994. Ortega
challenged her authority to relieve him and reiterated his
intention to remain at the head of the EPS until the army
reform
program was completed in 1997.
The army reform measures were launched with deep cuts
in
personnel strengths, the abolition of conscription, and
disbanding of the militia. The size of the army declined
from a
peak strength of 97,000 troops to an estimated 15,200 in
1993,
accomplished by voluntary discharges and forced
retirements.
Under the Sandinistas, the army general staff embodied
numerous
branches and directorates--artillery, combat readiness,
communications, Frontier Guards, military construction,
intelligence, counterintelligence, training, operations,
organization and mobilization, personnel, and logistics.
Most of
these bodies appear to have been retained, although they
have
been trimmed and reorganized. The air force and navy were
also
subordinate to the army general staff.
Since 1990 the mission of the EPS has been to ensure
the
security of the national borders and to deal with internal
disturbances. Its primary task has been to prevent
disorder and
violence wrought by armed bands of former Contra and
Sandinista
soldiers
(see Internal Security
, this ch.).
In November and December 1992, the EPS was deployed
alongside
the National Police to prevent violence during
demonstrations by
the National Workers' Front for improved pay and benefits.
The
EPS and the Frontier Guards also assist the police in
narcotics
control. A small EPS contingent works alongside
demobilized
Contras in a Special Disarmament Brigade to reduce the
arsenal of
weapons in civilian hands.
Data as of December 1993
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