South Korea The Choson Dynasty and the Japanese Colonial Period
Korean archer, late nineteenth century
Courtesy Carpenter Collection, Library of Congress
In 1592 Japan dispatched a force of approximately 170,000 men
in 700 ships to conquer Korea. The Japanese army landed at Pusan
in March and controlled most of the Korean Peninsula by July. The
small Korean navy under Admiral Yi Sun-sin used ironclad
battleships known--because of their appearance--as turtle boats
to make frequent attacks on the Japanese fleet attempting to
resupply Japanese forces in Korea. King Sonjo requested military
assistance from Beijing and, as the Chinese and Korean armies
gradually pushed the Japanese south, the Korean navy frustrated
Japanese efforts to initiate new attacks on the Korean Peninsula.
Although Japan's first attempts to subjugate Korea were
unsuccessful, many of the central organizations of the Korean
imperial military system were weakened by the impact of the
invasion.
In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, Korean rulers
generally devoted little attention to the military, although King
Injo (1623-49) did reorganize the army and establish five
permanent military bases in the country. Military service became
unpopular after the Japanese invasion. The
yangban (see Glossary)
class no longer provided a large source of strong
military leaders, and the lower classes generally preferred to
pay a tax that exempted them from conscription. Because Korean
rulers had little contact with the outside world, the Korean
military establishment remained uninformed about developments of
new weapons and modern battlefield tactics until the middle of
the nineteenth century.
In the late 1860s, the advisors of King Kojong (1864-1907),
alarmed by the interest of the United States, France, Russia, and
other Western countries in opening Korea to foreign trade,
convinced him to modernize the Korean army. During the next two
decades, Korean military missions travelled to China and Japan to
study modern warfare. King Kojong had neither the money nor the
will to establish a large army, and he continued to rely
primarily on the Chinese for military protection. In the 1880s,
Chinese advisors trained 2,000 Korean troops and organized them
into four elite units that were intended to be King Kojong's
palace guard. The Tonghak Rebellion in Cholla Province in 1894
provided Japan with an excuse to dispatch troops to Korea, and
Japanese forces were sent in July with the dual mission of
eliminating Chinese influence on the Korean Peninsula and laying
the foundation for the eventual colonization of the country.
Japanese victories in the First Sino-Japanese War (1894-95)
and the Russo-Japanese War (1904-5)--both partially fought in
Korea--left Korea without any foreign powers willing to oppose
the Japanese annexation of Korea. Soon after the Treaty of
Portsmouth was signed in July 1905, formally ending the RussoJapanese War, Japan stationed large contingents of police and
army units in Korea and disbanded the Korean army. Korea became a
Japanese colony in August 1910.
In the 1920s and 1930s, the main staging areas for Korean
military groups whose aim was to end Japanese rule in Korea were
in Nanjing, China; along the Korean border in Jilin and Liaoning
provinces; and in Irkutsk in the Soviet Union. The Nanjing-based
groups received military training from and supported Chiang Kaishek 's Guomindang (Kuomintang or KMT--the National People's
Party, or Nationalist Party). Until 1939 there were several small
Nationalist and communist military groups that used guerrilla
tactics to harass the Japanese in Korea and Manchuria (as
northeast China was then known). By the end of 1940, the Japanese
Imperial Army had destroyed most organized resistance along the
Korean border with China; many Korean communists who had belonged
to these groups joined the Northeast People's Revolutionary Army
of the Chinese Communist Party
(see Korea under Japanese Rule
, ch. 1). A small number of Soviet-controlled Korean military units
were organized in Irkutsk as early as 1921.
Data as of June 1990
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