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Turkmenistan
Population
Turkmenistan's population is rather stable, with distribution
between urban and rural areas and migration trends showing minor
changes between censuses (see table 3, Appendix). The annual population
growth rate, however, is rather high, and population density has
increased significantly in the last forty years.
Size and Distribution
In 1993 Turkmenistan had a population of 4,254,000 people, making
it the fifth most sparsely populated former Soviet republic. Of
that number, Turkmen comprised about 73 percent, Russians nearly
10 percent, Uzbeks 9 percent, Kazaks 2 percent, and other ethnic
groups the remaining 5 percent (see table 4, Appendix). According
to the last Soviet census (1989), the total Turkmen population
in the Soviet Union was 2,728,965. Of this number, 2,536,606 lived
in Turkmenistan and the remainder in the other republics. Outside
of the CIS, approximately 1.6 million Turkmen live in Iran, Afghanistan,
and China (see The Spoken Language, this ch.).
Population density increased in the republic from one person
per square kilometer in 1957 to 9.2 persons per square kilometer
in 1995. Density varies drastically between desert areas and oases,
where it often exceeds 100 persons per square kilometer. Within
Turkmenistan, the population is 50.6 percent female and 49.4 percent
male. In 1995 the estimated annual growth rate was 2.0 percent,
and the fertility rate was 3.7 births per woman (a decline of
1.5 births per woman since 1979) (see table 2, Appendix). The
population was demographically quite young, with 40 percent aged
fourteen or younger and only four percent aged over sixty-four.
Data as of March 1996
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