Hungary Transportation and Telecommunications
Unavailable
Figure 7. Transportation System, 1989
Train station in Csopak
Courtesy Gustav Forster
Bus station in Mezokovesd
Courtesy Sam and Sarah Stulberg
The nation's transportation and communications systems
were
highly centralized because of Budapest's importance as the
capital and principal urban center
(see
fig. 7,
Transportation
System, 1989). Like other East European countries, Hungary
redirected much of its transport system after World War II
to
accommodate a dramatic increase in trade with the Soviet
Union.
Despite the fact that transportation employed about 14
percent of
the total work force in the late 1980s, transportation
delays
were frequent.
Hungary began constructing the main lines of its
railroad
system between 1850 and 1900 in order to link Budapest
with other
major cities. In 1986 this system consisted of 7,769
kilometers
of rail lines, of which 1,128 kilometers were double
tracked.
Diesel and electric locomotives have replaced steam
engines, and
the length of electrified track almost tripled between
1970 and
1986, reaching about 25 percent of the system. The
country's two
rail-transport enterprises employed about 134,000 workers
in
1986. The railroads carried about 119 million tons of
freight in
1986, about 20 percent of which were coal and other fuels;
they
also carried 232,920 passengers. The system improved its
fuel
consumption per ton-kilometer from 1,235 kilojoules in
1970 to
322 in 1986.
In the late 1980s, Hungary's 140,163 kilometers of
roadway,
21 percent of which were paved with asphalt or concrete,
carried
a greater volume of freight than the railroad. The
country's
sixty-six truck and bus fleets carried 4.5 million
passengers and
572 million tons of goods in 1986 and employed 122,000
workers.
In 1986 the nation's truck and bus fleets totaled 163,151
and
25,920 trucks and buses, respectively, more than double
their
size in 1970; passenger automobiles numbered 1,538,900,
including
1,500,800 private automobiles. Hungary has modernized its
road
system since 1950, but the roads were still inadequate to
handle
the country's increasing number of private automobiles and
heavier domestic and international truck traffic.
The Danube formed the largest part of Hungary's 1,622
kilometers of navigable waterway. The principal port was
Budapest's Csepel free port. Dunauvaros was also an
important
port. In 1986 Hungary's fleet included 52 passenger boats,
41
tugboats, 236 barges, and 15 seagoing ships. The river
transport
system carried 3.4 million tons of cargo and 4.1 million
passengers, most of whom were tourists.
The national airline, MALEV, flew twenty-four aircraft
on
forty-one international routes in 1986, carrying 1.2
million
passengers and 16,372 tons of cargo. Hungary discontinued
domestic air transport in 1969. Several major Western
airlines
flew into Budapest's Ferihegy Airport, which in 1986
recorded
18,025 takeoffs and departures and served 2.3 million
passengers.
A 5,604-kilometer pipeline network linked Hungary's
main oiland natural gas-producing centers with Budapest and other
major
cities. The system transported 20.2 million tons of oil
and
natural gas in 1986. In the mid-to late 1980s, Hungary
annually
received about 1.2 billion cubic meters of Soviet natural
gas
through the two Friendship pipelines and an additional 4
billion
through the Alliance pipeline. In 1986 Hungary and the
Soviet
Union began negotiations on Hungary's participation in the
construction of what was to be the longest natural gas
pipeline
in the world. Planners projected completion by 1990.
In the late 1980s, Hungary continued to suffer from a
severe
shortage of telephone lines. In 1986 the country had
770,200
telephones, including 524,600 private telephones, which
gave it
about 145 telephones per 1,000 persons, an increase of 46
percent
since 1975. Despite this increase, the average wait for
the
installation of a telephone was about fifteen years.
Telephone
possession was one of the clearest indicators of class
distinctions in Hungary. A 1983 study showed that only 6
percent
of Hungary's unskilled and semiskilled workers had a
telephone,
while 40 percent of professionals had them. The telephone
system
did not have the capacity to accommodate computer
telecommunications. In the late 1980s, Hungary had two
television
channels, and it issued more than 2.9 million television
licenses
in 1986. Licenses to purchase radios were not required
after
1980.
Data as of September 1989
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