Panama Government and Politics
Cuna Indian mola design of a winged figure
IN LATE 1987, PANAMA'S political system was unable to respond to
the problems confronting the nation. Protests over the role in the
government played by the Panama Defense Forces (Fuerzas de Defensa
de Panamá--FDP) and their commander, General Manuel Antonio Noriega
Moreno, had produced economic disruption and the appearance of
political instability and had contributed to serious strains in
relations with the United States. With no immediate resolution of
the conflict likely, Panama appeared to be in its most severe
political crisis since the 1968 coup, which had made the military
the dominant political force in the nation.
The October 1968 coup marked the third time that the military
had ousted Arnulfo Arias Madrid from the presidency of Panama. It
differed from previous coups, however, in that it installed a
military regime that promoted a mixture of populist and nationalist
policies, while at the same time assiduously courting international
business. Led, until his death in 1981, by the charismatic General
Omar Torrijos Herrera, the military used limited but effective
repression to prevent civilian opposition groups from returning to
power. Torrijos also created the Democratic Revolutionary Party
(Partido Revolucionario Democrático--PRD), which became the
official ruling party.
The death of Torrijos, in an airplane crash on July 31, 1981,
precipitated a prolonged struggle for power. In a little more than
four years Panama had three FDP commanders and five civilian
presidents. At the same time, both domestic and international
pressures for a return to civilian rule increased steadily.
Constitutional revisions in 1983, followed by presidential and
legislative elections in 1984, were supposed to promote this
process. The elections, however, were tainted by widespread
allegations of fraud. Whatever credibility the newly installed
civilian government had was undermined further in September 1985,
when President Nicolás Ardito Barletta Vallarino was forced out of
office by General Noriega and the FDP. In the following two years,
political tensions continued to increase, fueled by negative
publicity abroad, by the murder of a prominent opposition political
figure, Dr. hugo Spadatora, by the open break between General
Noriega and his most prominent rival within the military, Colonel
Roberto Díaz Herrera, and by serious economic problems, notably a
major international debt burden and major capital flight.
The era of military rule had not been without its positive
accomplishments. Most notable was the successful negotiation of the
1977 Panama Canal treaties with the United States. These treaties,
which went into effect on October 1, 1979, ended the separate
territorial status of the Panama Canal Zone and provided for
Panama's full control over all canal operations at the end of the
century. Under the military, Panama also had emerged as a major
international banking center, had become a more prominent actor in
world affairs, exemplified by its position as one of the original
"Core Four" mediators (along with Mexico, Venezuela, and Colombia)
in the Contadora negotiating process seeking to mediate the
conflicts in Central America, and had implemented numerous social
reforms, raising the standard of living for many of its citizens.
In late 1987, however, many of these accomplishments appeared
jeopardized by the continuing crisis in civil-military relations
and the inability of the Panamanian government to maintain a
peaceful evolution toward a more open, democratic political system.
Data as of December 1987
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