Cyprus Government and Politics
Artist's rendition of early map of Cyprus
THE SHAPE, STRUCTURE, and status of Cyprus's government
have
been
sources of bitter controversy for most of the nation's
history
since independence in 1960, and have become the "national"
question
for both Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots. Politics in
both
communities, governed separately since 1964 and physically
separated since 1974, have been dominated by the lack of
consensus,
both between and within the two communities, over the very
identity
of the state and the structure of its government and
political
institutions.
The original political arrangements outlined in the
1960
constitution were in effect for only three years. By 1963,
after
proposals by President Archbishop Makarios III (1960-77)
to amend
the constitution in ways widely viewed as favoring the
majority
Greek Cypriot population, Turkish Cypriots withdrew from
many
national institutions and began self-government in the
Turkish
quarters of the island's towns and cities and in villages
in
Turkey.
A more significant change occurred after the 1974
Turkish
intervention. Following the dislocation and resettlement
of large
segments of both communities, the current situation
emerged: two
separate governments--only one of which enjoys
international
recognition as the legitimate government--functioning in
two
discrete geographic zones. In February 1975, the
provisional
Turkish Cypriot administration declared itself the
"Turkish
Federated State of Cyprus" ("TFSC"), although it stated
its
intention to move toward a federal solution with the Greek
Cypriots
and pledged not to seek recognition as an independent
state. In
October 1983, after continued stalemate of United Nations
(UN)
efforts toward a settlement, Turkish Cypriots renamed
their "state"
the "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus" ("TRNC"). While
restating
their commitment to working toward a federal solution,
Turkish
Cypriot authorities launched an international campaign for
recognition of their state, arguing that recognition would
facilitate a solution by according the island's two
political
entities equal status. As of the early 1990s, however,
only Turkey
had recognized the "TRNC."
Greek Cypriots maintained that the Republic of Cyprus
established in 1960 continued to exist, with functioning
institutions, absent Turkish Cypriot participation. The
status of
the 1959 treaties that established the republic in 1960
remained in
dispute, posing a challenge to the Greek Cypriot claim of
legal
authority and sovereignty over the whole island (except
for the 256
square kilometers that are sovereign British base areas).
The Greek
Cypriot position on the legal status of the 1959
agreements is not
completely clear. The late president Makarios attempted to
invalidate the Treaty of Guarantee, and later Greek
Cypriot leaders
claimed it violated their sovereignty, but on occasion
they have
tried to invoke it. For example, after the 1983 Turkish
Cypriot
declaration of statehood, the republic's president tried
to
persuade the British government to intervene under the
terms of
that treaty's Article IV.
Since the 1974 crisis and the emergence of the Cyprus
question
as an international political problem, the Republic of
Cyprus has
had three presidents. Makarios, the dominant political and
religious figure for Greek Cypriots, died of a heart
attack in the
summer of 1977 at age sixty-three. He was succeeded by
Spyros
Kyprianou, leader of the ruling Democratic Party, and
Makarios's
ecclesiastical responsibilities were assumed by Bishop
Chrysostomos
of Paphos. Kyprianou was reelected unopposed in January
1978 and
was reelected in contested elections in 1983. In February
1988,
Kyprianou was ousted in an upset by newcomer George
Vassiliou, a
successful businessman with no party affiliation, who
campaigned on
a promise to bring fresh ideas and energy to the
settlement
process.
Leadership of the Turkish Cypriot community has
remained since
1974 in the hands of Rauf Denktas, elected president of
the
"Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus" ("TFSC") in July
1975 and
reelected in 1981. In 1985, under a new constitution in
the newly
formed "Turkish Federated State of Cyprus" ("TRNC"),
Denktas again
won at the polls, by a margin of 70.4 percent, and in
April 1990
received 67.1 percent of the vote, defeating two
opponents.
The search for a settlement through creation of a new
federal
republic continued in the late 1980s and in 1990. Talks
intensified
after Vassiliou's election, and the UN-sponsored
negotiations
between Greek and Turkish Cypriots in 1988-90 aimed at
outlining a
framework for establishing a federal republic that would
be
bicommunal with respect to constitutional issues and
bizonal with
respect to territorial concerns. Early optimism that
Vassiliou
would be the catalytic force to bring the talks to a
successful
conclusion was dampened when talks broke down in early
1990.
Despite tentative progress on closing the gap between
Greek Cypriot
demands for freedom of movement, property, and settlement
and the
Turkish Cypriot demand for strict bizonality with
considerable
authority to the two provinces or states, the process was
encumbered by deep mistrust between the two sides and a
growing
conviction that the Turkish Cypriot side was more inclined
to work
for its separate status than for power sharing in a
unitary state
with Greek Cypriots.
Data as of January 1991
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