Cyprus Relations with the United States and the Soviet Union
President Vassiliou with President George Buch at the White
House, 1991
Courtesy The White House (Susan Biddle)
Cyprus had ambivalent relations with the superpowers
during the
Cold War. Despite its nonalignment, the cultural,
political, and
economic orientation of Cyprus was to the West, and NATO
allies
played crucial roles in the achievement of Cyprus's
independence,
the treaties guaranteeing that independence, and the
composition of
the UN peace-keeping force that was on the island
continuously
after 1964.
Relations with the United States after the 1974 crisis
were
shaped by Cypriot convictions that the United States had
been too
close to the Greek junta, could have prevented its coup
against
Makarios, supported or acquiesced in the Turkish
intervention, and
gave insufficient attention to solving the Cyprus problem.
Relations between Cyprus and the United States were also
haunted by
the 1974 assassination of United States Ambassador Roger
Davies in
Nicosia. Yet, pressed by the United States Congress and
the aroused
Greek-American community, the Nixon and Ford
administrations became
involved in refugee resettlement and peace talks during
the 1974
crisis and its aftermath.
As the Turkish intervention was consolidated, leading
to a
long-term division of the island, Greek Cypriots continued
to have
misgivings about the strategic intentions of United States
policy.
Cypriots occasionally pressed for new American
initiatives,
although none was offered after the 1978 ABC plan. A more
activist
American policy was institutionalized through the
establishment in
1981 of a Special Cyprus Coordinator in the Department of
State.
The position was held by Reginald Bartholemew (1981-82),
Christian
Chapman (1982-83), Richard Haass (1983-85), James
Wilkenson (1985-
89), and Nelson Ledsky after 1989. Yet efforts by these
diplomats
to stimulate discussion about confidence-building
measures,
intercommunal projects and cooperation, and new directions
in the
US$15 million annual aid program to Cyprus met resistance
from the
republic's government. The republic looked to the United
States
Congress and the Greek-American community to correct what
they
considered a pro-Turkish bias in United States policy.
Relations with the Soviet Union were more distant and
reflected
ups and downs in superpower influence in the Mediterranean
and in
United States-Turkish relations. The Soviets had supported
the
Greek Cypriot position after 1974 and generally pursued
policies
that fostered strains in intra-NATO relations. They worked
with the
island's communist party, but equally well with the
centrist
governments. In the late 1970s, the Soviets were cooler
toward the
Greek Cypriot view because of improved relations with
Turkey. The
Soviets under Mikhail Gorbachev became more interested in
Cyprus
settlement efforts. In 1986 the Soviets outlined their
policy for
a Cyprus settlement, calling for a withdrawal of all
foreign troops
and bases (presumably including the British sovereign base
areas),
a demilitarization of the island, and a new federal
government.
Greek Cypriots welcomed the proposal, although in
subsequent months
it was interpreted by many as part of a broad Third
World-Soviet
public relations exercise more than a serious diplomatic
initiative
to which resources would be devoted.
Data as of January 1991
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