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Burundi is one of the poorest, smallest, and most densely populated nations in Africa. Its poor transportation system and its distance from the sea have tended to limit economic growth. The economy is almost entirely agricultural, with most engaged in subsistence farming, growing beans, cassava, corn, and plantains. Coffee, Burundi's chief export, accounts for 80% of its foreign exchange income. Cotton, tea, and hides are also exported. Cattle, goats, and sheep are raised.
The country's few manufactures include basic consumer goods, such as processed food, beverages, clothing, and footwear. Heavy industry is government-owned. Burundi relies on international aid for economic development and has incurred a large foreign debt. Nickel, uranium, and other minerals are mined in small quantities; platinum reserves have yet to be exploited.
Burundi's imports usually considerably exceed the value of its exports. European Union nations make up its chief trading partners. Most exports are sent by ship to Kigoma in Tanzania and then by railroad to Dar-es-Salaam on the Indian Ocean.
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