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French Polynesia, officially Territory of French Polynesia, overseas territory of France (2002 pop. 245,516), consisting of 130 islands in the South Pacific. The capital is Papeete, on Tahiti. The territory comprises five main groups: the Society Islands; Marquesas Islands; Austral Islands; Tuamotu Archipelago; and Gambier Islands. The small, uninhabited atoll of Clipperton Island, c.3,400 mi (5,470 km) NE of Tahiti, is also part of the territory.
Tropical fruits are grown on plantations, and cultured pearls, coconut oil, mother-of-pearl, vanilla, and shark meat are exported. Tourism is important to the economy. Foodstuffs, fuel, and equipment are the largest imports.
The inhabitants of the territory are mainly indigenous Polynesians or those of mixed Polynesian and European descent (known as Demis); about 55% are Protestant and 30% Roman Catholic. There is a considerable Chinese and a smaller French minority. French and Tahitian are both official languages. French Polynesia is administered by a high commissioner and council and an elected assembly. The territory elects two deputies to the French national assembly and one member of the senate.
European contact began in the 16th cent., and the area was widely explored by the French during the 18th and 19th cent., when French missionaries also came to the region. The Marquesas and Society groups were annexed by France in 1842, Tahiti in 1844, and by the end of the 19th cent. the other islands had come under French administration. Uniform governance of the area began in 1903, and the islands became an overseas territory in 1946. France began testing nuclear weapons in some parts of French Polynesia in the 1960s, meeting with widespread local opposition; a series of six tests in 1995–96 was declared by France to be the last. Many inhabitants have sought a greater measure of independence from French control.
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