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Libya
Western Restrictions on Arms Transactions
Libya's radicalism, its reckless ventures beyond its borders,
and its links to terrorists caused among Western countries a growing
reluctance to supply Libya with lethal equipment, a reluctance
amounting to formal or de facto embargoes by most Western arms
manufacturers. A policy of refusing to ship arms to Libya was
reaffirmed in the Tokyo Declaration on International Terrorism
in May 1986, signed by the governments of Canada, West Germany,
France, Italy, Japan, Britain, and the United States. Libya has
nonetheless continued to look to non-Soviet suppliers, turning
to such peripheral sources as Yugoslavia, Greece, and Brazil.
United States restrictions on military sales date from the mid1970s
when the delivery of eight C-130 Lockheed cargo planes ordered
in 1972 was blocked out of fear that they would be used for military
ventures in Uganda. In 1978 spare parts were banned for the C-130s
Libya already had on hand, and an export license was refused for
two Boeing 727s. Qadhafi angrily rejected accusations against
Libya of supporting international terrorism, describing the American
attitude as "both puerile and unworthy of a great power." He denied
that Libya financed terrorism and asserted that the aircraft carriers
of the United States Sixth Fleet were engaged in "terrorism" by
their very presence in the Mediterranean. Having initially rejected
a permit for the export of 400 trucks manufactured by the Oshkosh
Company, the United States government relented after receiving
written guarantees that the trucks would be used solely for agricultural
purposes. However, upon their delivery in 1979, the trucks were
converted to military transporters by Canadian mechanics using
Austrian equipment.
After Libya cancelled the treaties with Britain and the United
States, France became its main alternative arms supplier. Support
for the Mirage fighters by Dassault, a French manufacturer, consisted
of both pilot and ground crew training in Libya and France and
periodic major overhauls of planes at the Dassault plant. However,
the strained relations between the two countries over Chad brought
an end to this support. Reportedly, France held discussions concerning
the more advanced Mirage 2000 in return for Libyan compliance
with its 1983 withdrawal agreement from Chad, but Libya's continued
involvement there ruled out any sale. The only major French arms
transfer was the US$600 million sale of ten Combattante fast-attack
craft with missiles the last of which was delivered in 1984 under
a contract negotiated six years earlier.
Libya was involved in a series of significant transactions with
Italy in the late 1970s and early 1980s. In 1978 the Italian aircraft
company Siai-Marchetti secured a contract to supply SF-260 light
aircraft intended for training and reconnaissance. The G-222 military
transport plane assembled by Aeritalia was also supplied to the
Libyans. The Italian firm of Oto Melara received orders for a
large number of Palmaria 155-mm self-propelled howitzers. Over
a three-year period, a complete renovation of a British-built
frigate was carried out in a Genoa shipyard. Four corvettes of
the Wadi/Assad type were contracted for in 1974, but the last
of these vessels was not delivered until 1982. Both the frigate
and the corvettes were fitted with Otomat missiles.
An arms-supply relationship with Brazil began in 1977 with a
Libyan order for several hundred armored cars at a cost of over
US$100 million. A contract in 1981 for US$250 million covered
purchases of additional armored cars, rockets, bombs, and missile
launchers. Negotiations were interrupted after Brazil's 1983 seizure
of four transiting Libyan aircraft loaded with weapons for Nicaragua.
Resumption of negotiations in 1986 was expected to lead to Brazilian
sale of EMB-312 Tucano trainer aircraft, EMB-121 Xingu transports,
and additional Cascavel and Urutu armored vehicles.
In late 1985, Libya signed an agreement with Greece covering
the sale of US$500 million in equipment, including the Artemis-30
antiaircraft gun and the Steyr armored personnel carrier, manufactured
in Greece under license from Austria. Yugoslavia was reported
to be supplying a number of Galeb jet trainer aircraft in addition
to those already in service, as well as Koncar-class missile boats
to be armed with Soviet-designed Styx missiles.
Data as of 1987
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