Austria Demographic Development
Figure 6. Population by Age and Gender, 1990
Source: Based on information from Austria, Österreichisches
Statistisches Zentralamt, Statistisches Handbuch für die
Republik Österreich, 1991, Vienna, 1991, 24.
Figure 7. Population by Age and Gender, Projected 2020
Source: Based on information from Austria, Österreichisches
Statistisches Zentralamt, Statistisches Handbuch für die
Republik Österreich, 1991, Vienna, 1991, 24.
Between 1900 and 1991, the country's population grew from
6,004,000 to 7,795,800 (see
table 2, Appendix). War deaths and
birth deficits during each of the world wars and the consequences
of the Great Depression profoundly influenced the development of
Austria's population. Approximately 190,000 men were killed in
action in World War I. Increased mortality among the civilian
population as a result of the hardships of war and the immediate
postwar period and extremely low birth rates resulted in a
population decrease of 100,000 between the censuses of 1910 and
1923. Postwar immigration of German-speaking and Jewish
populations from the successor states of Austria-Hungary to the
Republic of Austria and emigration from Austria after the war
basically offset each other. Economic and political crises in the
1930s caused 72,000 Austrians to emigrate to non-European
countries. The largest contingent of emigrants, 37,000, were from
the province of Burgenland and went primarily to the United
States, mainly for economic reasons.
After Austria was annexed by Nazi Germany in March 1938, an
estimated 130,000 Austrians, the great majority of whom had
Jewish origins, emigrated from Austria. More than 65,000 Austrian
Jews died in the concentration camps and prisons of the Third
Reich; 35,000 non-Jewish Austrians shared a similar fate or were
executed after trials. An estimated 250,000 Austrians were killed
in action during World War II; 25,000 civilians were killed as a
result of bombing or military action in Austria. Some of these
losses were offset by Nazi population policies that promoted
motherhood and large families for racial reasons.
After the war, Austria became a destination for ethnic
Germans, who fled from or were driven out of their homes in
Czechoslovakia, Romania, and Yugoslavia. Other refugees and
"displaced persons," who were either uprooted by hostilities or
victims of the expulsions sanctioned by the Allies and carried
out by East European governments immediately after the war, also
came to Austria. Between 1945 and 1950, about 400,000 immigrants-
-ethnic Germans from Eastern Europe and other non-German speaking
refugees--settled in Austria and eventually became Austrian
citizens.
The increase of birth rates in Austria during the 1950s
corresponded with the trends in most other West European
countries. Between 1950 and 1992, the infant mortality rate in
Austria dropped from over 61.3 per 1,000 live births to 7.5 per
1,000, an indication of improvements Austrian health authorities
had made in prenatal and postnatal care. During the 1960s,
Austria experienced an unprecedented population growth related to
an increase of births over deaths and a large influx of foreign
workers. After the mid-1960s, however, there was a substantial
and continuous drop in the fertility and birth rates in Austria,
generally referred to as the "pill drop-off." In 1974 this trend
was further influenced by the legalization of abortion during the
first trimester of pregnancy. Since the mid-1970s, Austria--after
Italy and the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany)--has had
the third lowest fertility rate in the world: 1.44 children per
woman in 1990, a rate substantially lower than the replacement
rate of 2.09.
In the early 1980s, some demographers predicted that the
population of Austria would decline from 7.5 million to its 1965
level of 7.25 million by 2010. This scenario was substantially
revised when in the mid-1980s Austria's population experienced a
spurt of dramatic growth. Projections in 1990 anticipated a net
growth of Austria's population by 500,000 to 8 million by 2010.
An increase in immigration and the higher fertility rate of
foreign workers accounted for the greatest part of Austria's net
population growth in the early 1990s.
Within Austria there are substantial variations in regional
patterns of population growth among the indigenous population, in
contrast to the immigrant or foreign population. After World War
II, Austria's eastern provinces--Lower Austria, Vienna, and
Burgenland--had lower rates of fertility than the other provinces
in the country. Throughout the 1960s and the 1970s, there was a
clear "east-west watershed" in population growth. The west had
higher rates of fertility, while the east's lower rates of
fertility led to a stagnating or declining population (see
table 3, Appendix). The economic and social reasons for these patterns
of development were complex and included the Soviet occupation of
eastern Austria from 1945 to 1955 and the depopulation of regions
along the Iron Curtain, the traditionally weak economic
infrastructure of predominantly rural areas in eastern and
southeastern Austria, and the conservatism and deeply rooted
Roman Catholicism of western Austria.
In 1970 the average life expectancy was seventy years (sixty
for males and seventy-three for females). By 1990 the average
life expectancy was almost seventy-six years (seventy-two for
males and seventy-nine for females). The increasing life
expectancy and the fall in the number of births have meant that
Austria's population is aging
(see
fig. 6;
fig. 7). One of the
major concerns under these circumstances is the burden placed on
the Austrian social security system: to what extent will a
constant, or shrinking, labor force be able to maintain an
increasing number of pensioners?
The overall decline of fertility among Austria's indigenous
population is similar to developments in other advanced
industrial nations in Europe. The decline is caused by a complex
set of factors, including the increased use of contraception and
abortion, and the increased employment of women outside the home,
and changing values and attitudes toward marriage, family, and
childbearing.
Data as of December 1993
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