Austria Official Minority Groups
Street in Trausdorf an der Wulka in the province of
Burgenland
Courtesy Embassy of Austria, Washington
Within Austria a distinction is made between "official ethnic
groups"--Slovenes, Croats, Hungarians, and Czechs and Slovaks--
who are legally defined and recognized as minorities, and other
social groups, such as Roma and Sinti (commonly known as
Gypsies), Jews, and foreign workers. These other groups do not
have a special legal status as "Austrian ethnic groups" but are
de facto minorities.
Although Austria was the most homogeneous of the successor
states carved out of Austria-Hungary, it had a number of
indigenous ethnic and linguistic minorities in the southern and
eastern rural borderlands: Slovenes in Carinthia; Croats,
Slovaks, and Hungarians in Burgenland. An urban minority of
Czechs and Slovaks were also concentrated predominantly in
Vienna. These groups accounted for 4.7 percent of Austria's
population after World War I.
The Croats represented the largest single official minority
in Austria. The Croat enclaves in Burgenland were the result of
the Habsburgs' wars with the Ottoman Empire in the sixteenth and
seventeenth centuries. The Croats fled north to avoid Turkish
subjugation, and after the Habsburgs defeated the Turks, Croats
were settled in Burgenland to compensate for the depopulation the
wars had caused.
The drafting of the post-World War I frontiers of Burgenland
also created Austria's smallest minority. Areas east of the
Leitha River historically had been part of the Kingdom of
Hungary, although they were predominantly inhabited by German
speakers by 1918. Negotiations of the national frontiers between
Austria and Hungary led to Burgenland's becoming a province
within Austria. Thus, the province's Hungarian population became
an Austrian minority.
The Slovenes of southern Carinthia, Austria's second largest
ethnic group, were the descendants of the ancient Slavic
population that initially inhabited the southern slopes of the
Alps and the Drau River Basin. Beginning in the early Middle
Ages, these Slavs were displaced by German speakers. After both
World War I and World War II, the newly formed state of
Yugoslavia had aspirations of incorporating into it the areas of
southern Carinthia inhabited by Slovenes. A Yugoslav invasion of
Carinthia in 1918 was followed by a plebiscite in the areas in
question in 1920 that resolved territorial claims with a clear
vote for Austria. Tensions between the Slovene minority and the
German-speaking majority in Carinthia increased during World War
II because of Nazi racial policies and the military actions in
southern Carinthia of Slovene partisans operating under the
directions of Marshal Josip Broz Tito's National Liberation Army.
After World War II, neither the Allies nor the Austrian
authorities were willing to meet renewed Yugoslav demands to
redraw the Austrian-Yugoslav border. A partial response to
Yugoslav demands was Article 8 of the State Treaty of 1955, which
granted official minority status to the Slovenes in Carinthia and
the Croats in Burgenland. Relations between the Slovenes and the
German speakers of Carinthia remained strained in the following
decades, more than was the case anywhere else in Austria. One
reason for this hostility was the persistence of right-wing and
German nationalist attitudes among sections of the Germanspeaking population.
The Croats and Hungarians of Burgenland and the Slovenes of
Carinthia were usually peasant-farmers located in peripheral
regions. The Czechs and Slovaks who still spoke their native
languages as first languages, presented a stark contrast to these
groups. This minority descended mainly from migrants who left
predominantly rural areas of southern Bohemia, Moravia, and
Slovakia in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries to
settle in industrial centers such as Vienna, Graz, Linz, and
Steyr, and in areas in northern Styria. There were so many Czech
migrants in Vienna that the imperial capital was said to be the
"second largest Czech city" after Prague. In these urban and
industrial settings, immigrants were soon assimilated.
Austrian censuses use the criterion "language of everyday
communication" to determine who belongs to one of the official
ethnic groups. The Ethnic Groups Law of 1976 sought to protect
and promote the distinct identities of officially recognized
minorities and arranged for bilingual education in their
languages. Despite such measures, however, all of Austria's
officially recognized minority groups have declined markedly in
size. Between 1910 and 1980, the number of Croats and Hungarians
who declared themselves as members of their respective ethnic
groups dropped by 50 percent, the number of Slovenes by 75
percent, and the number of Czechs and Slovaks by 95 percent (see
table 4, Appendix).
The decline of indigenous minority groups in Austria stemmed
from a variety of causes. Part of the decline resulted from
pressure to assimilate to German-speaking Austrian culture before
and after World War II, as well as from Nazi racial policies in
Austria, which distinguished between "superior" and "inferior"
races. Assimilation, however, was also caused by the
modernization of Austria after World War II through an increase
in economic and social mobility that drew younger generations
away from traditional ethnic and linguistic enclaves, lifestyles , and identities.
Data as of December 1993
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