El Salvador Mission and Organization
Member of National Guard
Courtesy Donald C. Keffer
In 1988, El Salvador's internal security forces, called the
public security forces, consisted of the GN, with 4,200 members;
the PN, with 6,000 members; and the PH, with about 2,400 members.
These services were supported by the territorial Civil Defense
(Defensa Civil--DC), with about 24,000 members. Although
controlled by the minister of defense and public security, even
in peacetime, and engaged in the counterinsurgency effort, the
public security forces had primarily a police role. By mid-1988
the police forces had improved markedly in professionalism and
performance, but they still lacked sufficient training and
resources to deter or respond effectively to terrorist attacks.
The PN was responsible for urban security, the GN for rural
security, and the PH--including customs and immigration
personnel--for the prevention of smuggling, for border control,
and for the enforcement of laws relating to alcohol production
and associated tax matters. The GN was organized into fourteen
companies, one for each of the fourteen departments. A tactical
structure of five commands or battalions could replace the
regular organization in an emergency. The PN was divided into the
Line Police (Policia de Linea), which functioned as an urban
police force; the Traffic Police (Policia de Transito), which
handled traffic in urban areas; the Highway Patrol (Policia de
Caminos); the Department of Investigations (Departamento de
Investigaciones), or plainclothes detective force; and the Night
Watchmen and Bank Guards Corps (Cuerpo de Vigilantes Nocturnos y
Bancarios).
Until the early 1980s, the security forces were among the
most notorious violators of human rights in El Salvador. The PH,
with an extensive network of rural informants, evolved into the
most select and brutal of the three security forces during its
first fifty years. Police and army units were involved in a
number of bloody incidents when they attempted to break up large
demonstrations
(see The Reformist Coup of 1979
, ch. 1).
After taking office as president in 1984, however, Duarte, in
an effort to tighten discipline and centralize control over the
traditionally semiautonomous security forces, created the new
position of vice minister of defense and public security and
named Colonel Lopez Nuila to fill it. Lopez Nuila thereupon
reorganized all police forces and private guard organizations as
he sought to clarify the ambiguous, overlapping responsibilities
of the PN, PH, and GN. The reorganization gave the PN sole
responsibility for urban law and order and restricted the GN's
authority to rural areas. In addition, Lopez Nuila merged the
Customs Police (Policia de Aduana) with the PH, thus removing the
latter from nationwide law-and-order duties and restricting it to
handling border duties and supervising the defense of state
property and customs. Lopez Nuila also replaced the controversial
PH director general, Carranza, with an ally, Colonel Rinaldo
Golcher. Golcher placed all other paramilitary organizations--
from the guard forces that defended electric companies and banks
to the private guards that were hired by individuals or private
firms--under the control and licensing of the PH. Lopez Nuila
also made an effort to purge the security services of
disreputable personnel. He announced in December 1986 that 1,806
members of the public security forces had been dismissed between
June 1985 and May 1986.
In November 1986, Duarte inaugurated a program under which
the three security services would receive training. As a result,
mandatory human rights instruction became part of police recruit
training and officers' classes in the late 1980s. The security
forces instituted a separate intensive human rights training
program for all police. By early 1988, virtually all members of
the PN had received the course, and the GN was in the process of
receiving it.
Data as of November 1988
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