North Korea PROSPECTS
Soldiers participate in civilian industrial and
agricultural work.
Courtesy Democratic People's Republic of Korea Mission to the
United Nations
Armistice Hall, North Korean side of the Demilitarized
Zone. Marker commemorates site of armistice negotiations.
On the surface, P'yongyang appears to have the capability to
maintain public order. As North Korea opens to the outside world,
it will be necessary, however, to control the impact of external
influences. The leadership apparently is well aware of the
potential dangers from "foreign pollution." Although reports of
economic unrest increased in mid-1993, they remain infrequent,
despite North Korea's poor economic performance in the late 1980s
and early 1990s.
A number of stabilizing elements assist the regime's efforts
to maintain internal order. The society seems united in popular
support for the party, and the people have a strong sense of
national pride. Kim Il Sung, by all indications, truly is admired
and supported by the general population.
Although P'yongyang has gone to extreme lengths to quarantine
its citizens from information about and the influences of the
outside world, and uses its monopoly of the means of
socialization to promote one party line, it is fighting a battle
it cannot win. Outside information, particularly about South
Korea's economic progress and the collapse of communism, is
increasingly reaching North Korean society. The massive network
of citizen surveillance suppresses overt deviance, although there
are growing signs that ordinary North Koreans are not putting
much effort or commitment into their work. There also is evidence
that the visible privileges of the party elite are well known and
resented. This fact suggests that when the post-Kim Il Sung
period arrives, it may become apparent that many North Koreans
have maintained only a formalistic commitment to the regime and
have reserved judgment until given the opportunity to put their
preferences into political action.
* * *
Given the closed nature of North Korea, much of the available
information on that country comes from the two governments that
consider North Korea a potential security threat--the Republic of
Korea and the United States. The Republic of Korea Ministry of
National Defense's annual Defense White Paper series
(published in both Korean and English) and the United States
Defense Intelligence Agency's 1991 publication of North Korea:
The Foundations for Military Strength are particularly
noteworthy.
Relatively few book-length studies addressing North Korea's
national security posture, the role of its military in society,
or its internal security situation are available. Robert A.
Scalapino and Chong-Sik Lee's two-volume Communism in
Korea is increasingly dated, but remains a basic resource for
research on all issues dealing with North Korea.
Two publications by the Seoul-based Research Center for Peace
and Unification of Korea merit attention. Lee Suck-Ho's PartyMilitary Relations in North Korea: A Comparative Analysis and
Suh Dae-Sook's article on the rise of partisan generals, "Arms
and the Hammer and Sickle," are insightful, as is Lee Chung Min's
The Emerging Strategic Balance in Northeast Asia: Implications
for Korea's Defense Strategy and Planning for the 1990s.
Other useful sources for general military information include
the Military Balance, the Stockholm International Peace
Research Institute Yearbook, and United States Arms
Control and Disarmament Agency publications. Occasional articles
in Asian Defence Journal, often by Gordon Jacobs, and in
the various Jane's publications, often by Joseph S.
Bermudez, also are invaluable. Jacobs and Bermudez have produced
interesting insights into parts of the North Korean military
through careful analysis of available information.
The value of journal articles on North Korean security
affairs varies widely. Asian Survey, Far Eastern
Economic Review, Korea and World Affairs, and The
Korean Journal of Defense Analysis are generally useful and
relatively free of bias. On the whole, however, journal articles
often present contradictory information and use inconsistent
terminology. It is also difficult to determine the continued
validity of information over time, given the evolution of the
North Korean defense establishment.
South Korean investigative journalism, particularly monthlies
such as Wlgan Chosn, is increasingly producing the
insights of defectors and travelers to North Korea. These pieces
offer interesting insights into daily life and public order in
North Korea.
Materials in English on public order, internal security, and
domestic stability are uncommon because the closed nature of
North Korea has inhibited scholarly inquiry into its legal
system. Cho Sung-Yoon and Kang Koo-chin are among the few
scholars who have studied North Korea's constitution and legal
system. Details of the February 1, 1975, revision of North
Korea's criminal code were only becoming known outside North
Korea beginning in 1992.
Source materials in English on most issues in North Korea are
uncommon, aside from the translations published by the Joint
Publications Research Service and the Foreign Broadcast
Information Service. Japan's Kita Ch sen, Kita Ch sen
Mondai, and Genji Kenky and the periodic publications
of South Korea's Pukhan Yn'guso and Kuktong Munje Yn'guso are
valuable resources for information on domestic dissent or
national security matters. An annotated version of the revised
1987 DPRK Criminal Code was published in the March 1992
Hritsu jih [Legal Review] (Tokyo). A translation of the
revised 1992 constitution was released by the South Korean
government-affiliated Naewoe Tongsin in November 1992. (For
further information and complete citations,
see
Bibliography.)
Data as of June 1993
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