Romania GREATER ROMANIA TO THE END OF WORLD WAR II, 1920-45
Memorial to Jews massacred at Sarmas in 1944
Courtesy Scott Edelman
Two postwar agreements that Romania signed, the Treaty
of
Saint-Germain with Austria and the Treaty of Trianon with
Hungary,
more than doubled Romania's size, adding Transylvania,
Dobruja,
Bessarabia, northern Bukovina, and part of the Banat to
the Old
Kingdom. The treaties also fulfilled the centuries-long
Romanian
dream of uniting all Romanians in a single country.
Although the
newly acquired regions brought added wealth and doubled
the
country's population to 16 million, they also introduced
foreign
nationalities, cultures, and social and political
institutions that
proved difficult to integrate with those of the Old
Kingdom. These
differences aroused chauvinism, exacerbated anti-Semitism,
and
fueled discrimination against Hungarians and other
minorities. In
the foreign arena, Romania faced Hungarian, Soviet, and
Bulgarian
demands for restoration of territories lost under the
treaties;
Romania geared its interwar network of alliances toward
maintaining
its territorial integrity.
King Ferdinand's fear of revolution and wartime
promises of
land reform prompted the enactment of agrarian reform laws
between
1917 and 1921 that provided for the expropriation and
distribution
of large estates in the Old Kingdom and new territories.
The reform
radically altered the country's land-distribution profile
as the
government redistributed arable land belonging to the
crown,
boyars, church institutions, and foreign and domestic
absentee
landlords. When the reform measures were completed, the
government
had distributed 5.8 million hectares to about 1.4 million
peasants;
and peasants with ten hectares or less controlled 60
percent of
Romania's tilled land. Former owners of the expropriated
lands
received reimbursement in long-term bonds; peasants were
to repay
the government 65 percent of the expropriation costs over
twenty
years. The land reforms suffered from corruption and
protracted
lawsuits and did not give rise to a modern, productive
agricultural
sector. Rather, ignorance, overpopulation, lack of farm
implements
and draft animals, too few rural credit institutions, and
excessive
division of land kept many of the rural areas mired in
poverty.
Expropriation of Hungarian-owned property in Transylvania
and the
Banat created social tensions and further embittered
relations with
Hungary.
In October 1922, Ferdinand became king of Greater
Romania, and
in 1923 Romania adopted a new constitution providing for a
highly
centralized state. A chamber of deputies and a senate made
up the
national legislature, and the king held the power to
appoint prime
ministers. The constitution granted males suffrage and
equal
political rights, eliminated the Romanian Orthodox
Church's legal
supremacy, gave Jews citizenship rights, prohibited
foreigners from
owning rural land, and provided for expropriation of rural
property
and nationalization of the country's oil and mineral
wealth. The
constitution's liberal civil rights guarantees carried
dubious
force, however, and election laws allowed political bosses
to
manipulate vote tallies easily. The constitution enabled
Bucharest
to dominate Transylvania's affairs, which further fueled
resentment
in the region.
The war and the land reform obliterated Romania's
pro-German,
boyar-dominated Conservative Party. Bratianu's Liberal
Party, which
represented the country's industrial, financial, and
commercial
interests, controlled the government through rigged
elections from
1922 to 1928. The Liberal government's corruption and
Bratianu's
hard-handed measures eroded the party's popularity. In
1926 Maniu's
National Party and the Peasant Party, one of the political
remnants
of the Old Kingdom, merged to form the National Peasant
Party.
Taking full advantage of a broadened franchise, the new
party soon
rivaled the Liberals. The Social Democratic Party was
Romania's
strongest working-class party, but the country's labor
movement was
weak and Social Democratic candidates never collected
enough votes
to win the party more than a few seats in parliament.
Despite this
meager showing, a faction of Social Democrats in 1921
founded the
Communist Party. Communist agitators worked among
Romania's
industrial workers, especially ethnic minorities in the
newly
acquired territories, before the government banned the
party in
1924. Communism was unpopular in Romania between the wars,
partly
because Romanians feared the Soviet Union's threat to
reclaim
Bessarabia; Moscow even directed Romania's communists to
advocate
detachment of Romania's newly won territories.
Complicating an already unstable situation, the royal
family in
the mid-1920s suffered a scandal when Crown Prince Carol,
exhibiting a Phanariot's love of pleasure, married a Greek
princess
but continued a long-term liaison with a stenographer.
Rather than
obey Ferdinand's command to break off his love affair, in
1927
Carol abdicated his right to the throne in favor of his
six-year-old son Michael and went to Paris in exile.
Ferdinand died
within several months, and a regency ruled for Michael.
The Liberal
Party lost control of the government to the National
Peasant Party
in fair elections after Bratianu's death in 1927, and
Maniu soon
invited Prince Carol to return to his homeland. In 1930
Carol
returned, and Romania's parliament proclaimed him king.
King Carol
(1930-40) proved an ambitious leader, but he surrounded
himself
with corrupt favorites and, to Maniu's dismay, continued
his
extramarital affair. Maniu soon lost faith in the monarch
he had
brought out of exile and resigned the premiership. In 1931
Carol
ousted the National Peasant Party and named a coalition
government
under Nicolae Iorga, a noted historian. The National
Peasant Party
regained power in 1932, only to lose it again to the
Liberals a
year later.
Data as of July 1989
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