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Pakistan
Emergency Provisions
The British colonial constitutional provisions and penal codes
gave the authorities ample scope for overriding regular legal
procedures in the case of persons suspected of political agitation
or threats to the public order. These provisions and codes were
perpetuated and strengthened in Pakistan. The Security of Pakistan
Act empowers authorities to move against any person "acting in
a manner prejudicial to the defence, external affairs and security
of Pakistan or the maintenance of public order." Under the act,
persons may be detained, their business activities, employment,
or movements may be restricted, and they may be required to report
regularly to a magistrate.
Article 144 of the Code of Criminal Procedure allows the government
to act preventively if it perceives the danger of public disorder.
A magistrate may prohibit meetings of five or more persons, forbid
the carrying of firearms, and impose "preventive detention" on
anybody thought likely to disturb public order. Although a detainee
is entitled to be informed of the reason for his detention and
to a fair review of the case, these restrictions are in practice
easy to circumvent, and the constitution specifically denies such
detainees procedural guarantees. The government, especially in
periods of martial law, has used Section 144 frequently when feeling
its position could be threatened by demonstrations and public
opposition to its policies; Section 144's provisions have also
been used, however, to contain disorder that is not political.
In 1991 Pakistan adopted the Terrorist Affected Areas (Special
Courts) Ordinance, which extends the authority of Speedy Trial
Courts and gives the police expanded powers to use weapons. The
Maintenance of Public Order Act allows detention without trial
for three months, extendable to twelve months in some cases. This
act has been used to silence political opponents of the government.
Although persons accused of crimes are entitled to bail, there
have been a number of restrictions placed on this right in cases
involving alleged threats to national security. In late 1992,
the law requiring automatic bail for anyone in jail for two years
who had not yet been convicted was rescinded, and the high courts
were prohibited from hearing bail applications from persons facing
trial in the special courts set up in 1975 to try terrorists.
A Pakistani jurist commented: "The government can now arrest anyone,
call him a terrorist, and keep him in prison indefinitely."
Data as of April 1994
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