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China Labor
In the mid-1980s about 11 percent of the work force, or 50
million people, was employed by the industrial sector in stateowned units and collective enterprises
(see Labor Force
, ch. 2). In
state-owned enterprises, the annual output per worker (the Chinese
measure of productivity) rose by 9.4 percent to -Y15,349. In 1987
there was a severe urban unemployment problem, and a virtually
unlimited supply of unskilled and semiskilled labor. Skilled
workers, engineers, scientists, technicians, and managerial
personnel were in very short supply. During the Cultural
Revolution, many specialists were forced to abandon their
occupations, and most training and educational programs ceased
during the 10-year hiatus in higher education from 1966 to 1976
(see Education Policy
, ch. 4). This led to a shortage of skilled
personnel that seriously hampered the industrial sector's
implementation of imported modern technology and independent
development of new management and production forms. In 1980 a
modern management training center was established in Dalian,
Liaoning Province, with the help of foreign experts. In 1987 many
Dalian graduates found it difficult to use their newly acquired
skills because managerial autonomy was lacking, and many cadres had
a vested interest in maintaining the status quo. It was unclear
what effect students educated abroad were having on industry.
Data as of July 1987
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