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China Highways and Roads
In 1986 China had approximately 962,800 kilometers of highways,
52,000 kilometers of which were completed between 1980 and 1985.
During this period China also rebuilt 22,000 kilometers of highways
in cities and rural areas. Nearly 110,000 kilometers of roads were
designated part of a network of national highways, including roads
linking provincial-level capitals with Beijing and China's major
ports.
Provincial-level and local governments were responsible for
their own transportation and road construction, some with foreign
expertise and financing to hasten the process. Most financing and
maintenance funds came from the provincial level, supplemented in
the case of rural roads by local labor. In line with the increased
emphasis on developing light industry and decentralizing
agriculture, roads were built in large, medium-sized, and small
towns and to railroad connections, making it possible for products
to move rapidly between cities and across provincial-level
boundaries. In 1986 approximately 780,000 kilometers of the roads,
or 81 percent, were surfaced. The remaining 19 percent (fairweather roads) were in poor condition, hardly passable on rainy
days. Only 20 percent of the roads were paved with asphalt; about
80 percent had gravel surfaces. In addition, 60 percent of the
major highways needed repair.
China's highways carried 660 million tons of freight and 410
million passengers in 1985. In 1984 the authorities began assigning
medium-distance traffic (certain goods and sundries traveling less
than 100 kilometers and passengers less than 200 kilometers) to
highways to relieve the pressure on railroads. Almost 800 national
highways were used for transporting cargo. Joint provincial-level
transportation centers were designated to take care of crosscountry cargo transportation between provinces, autonomous regions,
and special municipalities. A total of about 15,000 scheduled rural
buses carried 4.3 million passengers daily, and more than 2,300
national bus services handled a daily average of 450,000
passengers. The number of trucks and buses operated by individuals,
collectives, and families reached 130,000 in 1984, about half the
number of state-owned vehicles. In 1986 there were 290,000 private
motor vehicles in China, 95 percent of which were trucks. Most
trucks had a four- to five-ton capacity.
The automobile was becoming an increasingly important mode of
transportation in China. The automotive industry gave priority to
improving quality and developing new models rather than increasing
production. Nevertheless, as a result of the introduction of modern
technology through joint ventures with advanced industrialized
countries, Chinese automobile production for 1985 surpassed 400,000
units.
Although cars and trucks were the primary means of highway
transportation, in the mid-1980s carts pulled by horses, mules,
donkeys, cows, oxen, and camels still were common in rural areas.
Motor vehicles often were unable to reach efficient travel speeds
near towns and cities in rural areas because of the large number of
slow-moving tractors, bicycles, hand- and animal-drawn carts, and
pedestrians. Strict adherence to relatively low speed limits in
some areas also kept travel speeds at inefficient levels.
Data as of July 1987
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